Showing papers by "Indonesian Institute of Sciences published in 2000"

A Comparative study of the decays $B \to$ ($K$, $K^{*)} \ell^+ \ell^-$ in standard model and supersymmetric theories

Abstract: Using improved theoretical calculations of the decay form factors in the Light Cone-QCD sum rule approach, we investigate the decay rates, dilepton invariant mass spectra and the forward-backward (FB) asymmetry in the decays B → (K, K ∗ )l + l − (l ± = e ± , µ ± , τ ± ) in the standard model (SM) and a number of popular variants of the supersymmetric (SUSY) models. Theoretical precision on the differential decay rates and FB-asymmetry is estimated in these theories taking into account various parametric uncertainties. We show that existing data on B → Xsγ and the experimental upper limit on the branching ratio B(B → K ∗ µ + µ − ) provide interesting bounds on the coefficients of the underlying effective theory. We argue that the FB-asymmetry in B → K ∗ l + l − constitutes a precision test of the SM and its measurement in forthcoming experiments may reveal new physics. In particular, the presently allowed largetan β solutions in SUGRA models, as well as more general flavor-violating SUSY models, yield FB-asymmetries which are characteristically different from the corresponding ones in the SM.

Geoelectric potential difference monitoring in southern Sumatra, Indonesia — Co-seismic change—

Abstract: Five geoelectric potential difference (electric field, here after) monitoring stations have been in operation since September 1997 in anarea near Liwa town, southern Sumatra, Indonesia, to examine the relationship between electric field changes and earthquakes Short-term electric field variations were found to correspond mainly to geomagnetic activity, while long-term variation was mostly gradual shift and was clearly correlated neither precipitation nor ground water level variations Co-seismic electric field changes ranging between 1 and 8 mV were observed for five mb > 5 earthquakes at multiple stations during September ∼ December 1997 The epicenters of the earthquakes were in the Indian Ocean within about 170 km from the monitoring sites

How to go extinct: lessons from the lost plants of Krakatau

Abstract: Aim Few data sets exist that allow measurement of long-term extinction and turnover rates for islands of the size of the three main islands of the Krakatau group. We test the reliability of previous estimates of plant species extinction and examine structure within the extinction data. Location The data analysed are for the three older Krakatau islands: Rakata, Sertung and Panjang in the Sunda Strait, Indonesia. Methods Our analysis is based on a comprehensive database incorporating all species records for each island since recolonization began after the 1883 sterilization, plus attributes such as distribution, phylogeny, population status and dispersal mechanism for each species. We employ a combination of univariate and multi-term analyses in analysing structure, and derive Minimal Adequate Models using binary logistic analyses of variance and covariance. We compare the 1883–1934 data set with the contemporary flora as represented by (1) 1979–83 records (as used in previous analyses) and (2) 1979–94 data (original). Results The improved data for the contemporary flora reduces the number of missing species by one-third. We show that a variety of estimates of extinction rate can be produced depending on what assumptions are made concerning the status of particular species groups. Structural features in the extinction data persist despite the reduction in overall numbers of losses. Losses relate to: (1) the number of islands on which a species originally occurred, (2) the primary dispersal mode, and (3) the original abundance of a species (e.g. whether it was known to have established a successful resident population, and whether it was in decline or increasing in c. 1930). The ‘best’ descriptive model employs the variables denoted under (3). A high proportion of losses comprised species introduced by people and rare or ephemeral species. Losses of ‘residents’ that had colonized naturally could largely be accounted for by reference to (1) successional loss of habitat and, to a lesser degree, (2) other habitat disturbance or loss. Main conclusions Previous analyses, based on a more limited data set, have significantly over-estimated extinction from the Krakatau flora. Few naturally colonizing and established species have become extinct. The findings indicate that caution is necessary in interpreting ‘headline’ island ecological rates, and in analysing and modelling such data. Examination of structural features of the data appear to be valuable both in providing ecological insights in their own right, and in enabling refinements to estimates of extinction and thus turnover.

Biogeography of the Indonesian coelacanths.

Abstract: Living coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) are normally found only in the western Indian Ocean, where they inhabit submarine caves in the Comores Islands1. Two specimens have since been caught off the island of Manado Tua, north Sulawesi, Indonesia, some 10,000 kilometres away2. We sought to determine the ecological and geographic distribution of Indonesian coelacanth populations with a view to drawing up conservation measures for this extremely rare fish2,3. During our explorations, we discovered two living Indonesian coelacanths 360 km southwest of Manado Tua.

Detection of roads from satellite images using optimal search

Abstract: Since networks of main roads are basic information for the classification of use of the earth surface, the automatic detection of roads from satellite images is a very important issue. In this paper, a new detection theory is proposed which can overcome drawbacks of current theories and detect plural roads in an image with high speed and high precision. Firstly, binary images representing edges are used to evaluate the possibility for a road to pass on a given pixel. An 8-directions-filter, a clearing filter and a parallel-edge-detection filter are proposed which can bring insufficient local information to each other to obtain global information enough to detect a road and by which the possibility of a road-passing on the pixel can be effectively evaluated. Secondly, by using the Hough transform and the optimal search method it is possible to detect a complete road. This detection theory does not depend on the size of image and can detect all the roads in an image including intersecting and T-type roads.

Climatological characteristics of cloud distribution and planetary boundary layer structure in Jakarta, Indonesia revealed by lidar observation

Abstract: For two years we observed the vertical distribution of clouds and aerosols in Jakarta, Indonesia, with ground-based Mie scattering lidars. A histogram of the cloud base height shows a notable maximum at an altitude of approximately 5 km, especially in the wet season. The planetary boundary layer height we inferred from the upper boundary of the aerosol layer was approximately 1.5–2 km in the wet season and 2–3 km in the dry season.

Characterization of polypropylene and ethylene-propylene copolymer blends for industrial applications

Abstract: The crystalline structure and physico-mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) blended with ethylene–propylene copolymer (EPM) were investigated. WAXS diffractograms showed that the addition of EPM did not affect the crystalline structure of PP. DSC curves revealed the presence of two Tg peaks indicating the amorphous phases of EPM and PP. As EPM increased, the elastomeric domains cavitated from PP matrix increased while the tensile stress and modulus of elasticity decreased. Impact strength, on the other hand, increased, and showed a remarkable effect at 30% EPM/PP. The properties of the blended polymers were compared with the commercial PP impact copolymer, and it was found that polyblends containing 30% EPM was suited for applications on products requiring very high impact strength. Further addition of EPM from 40 to 50% produced very high impact strength, but the tensile stress and modulus of elasticity were very low. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 1200–1208, 2000

Metabolic characteristics of the Japanese clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve) during aerial exposure

Abstract: Some metabolic end-products in tissues and physiological parameters of haemolymph of the Japanese clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve) were investigated under aerial exposure at 15 °C with low relative humidity (RH) (22%) or high RH (91%). Acclimated clams in water at 15 °C were used as a control and to supply the low or high RH experiment. The low RH experiment was conducted at air exposure for 50 h (LH50), and the high RH experiment for 50 h (HH50) and 100 h (HH100). Accumulation of succinate and alanine in the tissues proved that the clam shifted its metabolism to anaerobiosis. Lactate accumulation did not occur. Glucose concentrations in tissues increased slightly during exposure except for HH50. The total free amino acid contents (363–410 μmol g−1) were higher than those of glucose (530–804 μmol 100 g−1), suggesting that the free amino acids might play a more dominant role in the metabolism. Increase in the haemolymph pco2 did not influence the acid–base balance in the haemolymph during exposure at both humidity conditions. Increase in the haemolymph ammonia from 48.2 to 57.1 μmol 100 g−1 and to 131.0 μmol 100 g−1 at LH50 and HH100, respectively, suggested that ammonia might function as an important buffering factor during aerial exposure. Retention values of the haemolymph po2 even at the longest exposure time (16.30 mmHg at LH50 and 14.69 mmHg at HH100) indicated that the clams depend partially on some aerobic manner.

Fission track ages of the Omine Acidic Rocks, Kii Peninsula, Southwest Japan

Abstract: Fission track (FT) ages of the Omine Acidic Rocks, one of the Tertiary granitic rocks which occurs in the Outer Zone of the Median Tectonic Line, Southwest Japan, are determined in order to assess the timing of intrusion. Nine FT zircon (ZR) ages and one apatite (AP) age are obtained for igneous rocks, and four ZR ages for basement sandstone. Data for each pluton are concordant within a body representing the time of intrusion. The ZR ages from sandstone are concordant with the nearest pluton. The ages of plutons are classified into two groups statistically, suggesting that the Omine Acidic Rocks formed by two intrusive events. The Dorogawa, Tenguyama, Shiratani and Katago-Mukuro Dike are the older group with the weighted mean age of 16.8 ± 0.8 Ma, and the Kose pluton are the younger with an age of 14.2 ± 1.7 Ma.

Anisotropic thermal properties of molded carbon phenolic spheres

Abstract: Anisotropic thermal properties of molded carbon phenolic spheres (CPS), a mixture of sugi wood charcoal powders and phenol formaldehyde resin molded with a hot press, were investigated. The effects of the carbonizing temperature, particle size of chars, and density of the CPS on thermal properties were discussed. The molded CPS specimens were measured for their thermal properties using the laser flash method in both horizontal and vertical directions. The configuration of the CPS was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Anisotropy of the thermal properties (thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity) between horizontal and vertical directions of the molded CPS was much higher than that of the uncarbonized molded phenolic spheres. Therefore, converting wood into molded CPS is an effective way to enhance the thermal-anisotropy properties. More marked effects of the carbonizing temperature, particle size, and density were observed in the horizontal direction than in the vertical direction. Anisotropy in thermal properties of the molded CPS may be considered an advantage for developing a new fire-retardant material for wood composites.

Distribution of cadmium in the cockle (Katelysia scalarina) in Princess Royal Harbour, Albany, Western Australia

Abstract: The study was aimed to assess the distribution of cadmium in the body tissue of the cockle (Katelysia scalarina) from the Princess Royal Harbour (PRH), Albany, Western Australia. The samples of cockle were collected from the north-west, west, and south-west ends of PRH in summer, autumn, winter, and spring in the period of 1992. Sixty cockles in total were collected by hand from the intertidal zone at the three selected sites for each season, and they were used to determine the level of cadmium in the tissue of the cockle. The graphite tube atomizer spectrometry (GT 95-VARIAN) was used for the determination of cadmium in the samples and the standard additions method was applied to all samples. The amount of cadmium in different tissues was expressed as the percentage of total body cadmium. The results of the study showed that the gills of the cockle were found to have higher levels of cadmium (35.0%±3.8%) than the other three tissue studied and the adductor muscle was the lowest (18.8%±2.9%). Significant interaction between season and site on the tissue distribution suggests that tissue levels may be affected by monthly variations in environmental factors that is influencing the organism' metabolism. The accumulation of cadmium in the tissue of the cockle showed potential for use as a heavy metal indicator. ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 15: 40–47, 2000

Women in science, engineering and technology (SET): a report on the Indonesian experience.

Abstract: This paper presents the preliminary results of a study by the Gender Working Group Indonesian Institute of Sciences on womens contribution to and benefits to women from science engineering and technology (SET) specifically the benefits accruing to disadvantaged women in urban and rural areas in Indonesia. Previous studies on the participation of women in SET have shown the under-representation of women in all SET activities including decision-making and advisory positions. However some studies have shown that if gender perspectives are included in the design and implementation of development activities disadvantaged women in urban and rural areas could greatly benefit from SET in development projects. The two case studies in North Sulawesi and Central Lombok provinces show that the projects have enabled the expansion of employment opportunities for women and thus increased their technical skills and income. In addition the projects have also contributed to enhancing womens self-confidence self-reliance and communication skills. (authors)

西カリマンタンの混交フタバガキ林における卜ウダイグサ科Elateriospermum tapos Blume の空間分布、生存率および成長速度

Abstract: The spatial distribution, survival and growth of Elateriaspermum tapas Blume (Euphorbiaceae) were studied from the data of a 1-ha permanent plot at Gunung Berni, West Kalimantan. In the plot, number of species and individuals of Euphorbiaceae were 35 and 254, respectively and the most abundant and dominant was E. tapas. Forty four percent of seeds produced in a mast fruiting season could be escaped from predators and germinated into seedlings. The number of the established seedlings was drastically dropped in the next year of the mast fruiting and slightly increased in the second year.The species has classical inverse J-shaped frequency size distribution, suggesting its continuous regeneration. The species was contagiously distributed in the plot. Mortality of shorter seedlings was higher than that of taller seedlings, and the mortality of seedlings in the gap was slightly higher than that of in closed forest. The mortality rate of seedlings was not related to the density of cohort seedlings and variables representing stand structure. The relationships among measured tree dimensions drew a simple linear; suggesting the growth pattern of tree dimensions in each individual plant was closely dependent one to another. The RGR-height tended to decrease in hyperbolic manner by increasing the height of seedlings and saplings, and the RGR-height in the gap were consistently higher than that in the closed forest. The RGR of height on seedlings and saplings or the RGR of diameter on trees in the sub-plots was not significantly related to the variables representing stand structure and relative light intensity ambient the individuals.

Notes and news: some new and interesting records of spider crabs (decapoda, brachyura, majidae) from indonesia

Abstract: [The spider crab (Majidae) fauna of Indonesia is relatively well known, and some 131 species from 43 genera have now been reported from there (Griffin & Tranter, 1986; Wagner, 1992; Loh & Ng, 1999). The present note adds two interesting majid species to the known Indonesian fauna, based on the material in the Research and Development Centre for Oceanology in Jakarta, Indonesia. Maja compressipes (Miers, 1879) was previously only known from China, whilst Paranaxia serpulifera (Guerin-Meneville, 1829) had been regarded as an Australian endemic. Additional taxonomic notes are also provided for two rare species, Austrolibinia pincerna Wagner, 1992, and Pseudomicippe indonesica Griffin & Tranter, 1986. Measurements provided are of the carapace width (cw), prerostral length (prl) and rostral length (rl). The terminology used follows that by Griffin & Tranter (1986). Specimens examined are deposited in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong, Indonesia; and Zoological Reference Collection (ZRC) of the Raffles Museum, National University of Singapore., The spider crab (Majidae) fauna of Indonesia is relatively well known, and some 131 species from 43 genera have now been reported from there (Griffin & Tranter, 1986; Wagner, 1992; Loh & Ng, 1999). The present note adds two interesting majid species to the known Indonesian fauna, based on the material in the Research and Development Centre for Oceanology in Jakarta, Indonesia. Maja compressipes (Miers, 1879) was previously only known from China, whilst Paranaxia serpulifera (Guerin-Meneville, 1829) had been regarded as an Australian endemic. Additional taxonomic notes are also provided for two rare species, Austrolibinia pincerna Wagner, 1992, and Pseudomicippe indonesica Griffin & Tranter, 1986. Measurements provided are of the carapace width (cw), prerostral length (prl) and rostral length (rl). The terminology used follows that by Griffin & Tranter (1986). Specimens examined are deposited in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong, Indonesia; and Zoological Reference Collection (ZRC) of the Raffles Museum, National University of Singapore.]

Some species of calanoid copepods recently described from Indonesian waters with notes on their distribution and species-groups

Abstract: One species of the family Candaciidae, Candaciaishimarui, and four species of the family Pontellidae, Calanopiaasymmetrica, Labidocerajavaensis, L. muranoi, and Pontellalabuanensis were described from specimens collected from the Indonesian waters. C. ishimarui belong to C. norvegica group, which was hitherto composed of 3 species, C. ketchumi Grice 1961, and C. norvegica (Boeck, 1865), by having common characters of the maxilla-shape, the 3 cups of basal mandibular tooth, and the structure of P5 in both sexes. C. asymmetrica, with belong to C. herdmani group, the character of the CR and P5. L. javaensis is distinguishable from the L. pectinaya group by the shape of genital complex and he P5 in the male. It seems to be a neritic species inhabiting coastal waters shallower than 15 m in depth, and with 0.5 km off-shore. L. muranoi which was collected from Cilacap Bay. Belongs to the L. kroyeri group, and was distinguished from other species of this group by the shape of urosome and P5 in the female and by Ms5 and P5 in the male. The last described species, P. labuanensisdoes not belong to anu of the known 3 species-groups of indo-West Pacific Pontella, in having the asymmetrical genital somite and the Re’sog the P5 virtually naked in the female, and the rostrum with double convex lenses and the Re’s of the male with P5 with 2 subequal dumb.

Anggrek Bulbophyllum Alam di Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali

Abstract: There were five species of Bulbophyllum orchids found in the Bali Botanic Garden, Bulbophyllum distans J.J. Smith, B. miniata , B. obsconditum J.J. Smith, B. odoratum (Blume) Lindl, and B. sessile (J. Koenig) J.J. Smith. These grow naturally in the garden. Bulbophyllum absconditum J.J Smith is abundant while B. sessile (J.Koenig.) J.J. Smith is only found in small numbers in the garden. All species tend to choose special tree as a host for their life, and mostly life on Bischofia javanica as a host. Generally Bulbophyllum is located in the third zona of host trees, i.e. the first zona of branching. Bulbophyllum is mostly found in shaded areas and on subtrates of medium thickness. Key words: Bulbophyllum orchids, Bali Botanic Garden

Pengaruh BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) Terhadap Daya Tumbuh Mata Tunas Rimpang Tanaman Garut (Maranta arundinacea L.)

Abstract: Rhizome of arrowroot ( Maranta arundinacea L.) is a source of carbohydrate that is easily digested, therefore it can be used for diet and remedy for stomach disorder. Currently, this plant is not cultivated intensively, therefore the production of the rhizome is very limited. The objective of this study is to obtain efficient method to propagate of the arrowroot by investigating the effect of BAP ( 6-benzylaminopurine ) on viability of rhizome shoot. Intact rhizome and rhizome cuttings were exposed to BAP solution (2 and 4 mg/l) for 15 minutes prior to potted on a sterilized sand medium. The experiments were arranged in a complete randomized design with 3 replicates, and the data resulted were analyzed using ANOVA (analysis of variance) and LSD (least significance difference) test. The result showed that the viability of intact rhizome shoots was lower (5,6 – 12,5%) than the rhizome cuttings. The highest viability (86,1%) and growth rates of shoot (4.6 shoots/week) resulted from the cuttings exposed to 4 mg/l BAP. Growth rates of leaves of intact rhizome was very low i.e. 0.3 – 0.4 leaves/week. The highest growth rates of leaves (3.9 leaves/week) were resulted from the rhizome cuttings exposed to 4 mg/l BAP solution, meanwhile the lowest growth rates (0.5 leaves/week) obtained from rhizome cuttings exposed to 2 mg/l BAP. No significant different of those treatment on plant height. Total roots of the rhizome cuttings exposed to 4 mg/l BAP (4.9) were significantly different, but not for intact rhizome. Key words: M. arundinacea , arrowroot, propagation, rhizome cuttings, BAP.

The design of a miniature injector for microengineered GC system

Abstract: This paper describes the design and fabrication of a miniature injector for microengineered gas chromatography (GC) system. Both the injector and the micro GC are to be fabricated on silicon using microengineering technology. The injector system incorporates four miniature valves interconnected using short microchannels such that a total of 4 nl sample can be injected into the microengineered GC column. This device should also find wide applications in the area of microfluidic systems.

Anomie di tengah perubahan sosial

Abstract: It has become an awareness to many that in addition the visible economic and monetm~y crisis on the surface, Indonesia is currently undergoing a multidimensional crisis that has resulted in social discontent and intergroup conflicts in various parts oft he country. It is widely held that the main cause of all the crises is the disruption of moral authority on the part of government officials and the military due to the widespread mismanagement of the past government. This article is devoted to explain the current multidimensional crisis and its destabilizing impact on the society fi'om the sociological concept of anomie. The concept, first introduced in the turn of the I 9th century by Emile Durkheim, a grand theorist of sociology, seeks to explain the nature of normlessless or anomie on the part of individuals and the whole society as the result of a tremendous and sudden social change. Further, a brief account is provided 011 how the concept has heen developed and used until recentlv by a number of social scientists in explaining the impacts of political turmoil and profound economic changes on national security and societal living condition of many countries oft he world. The article finally suggests a method that could be developed to detect and prevent social conflicts and unrests that may take place in the future.