Showing papers by "Iowa State University published in 2001"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the first randomized approach to kinodynamic planning (also known as trajectory planning or trajectory design), where the task is to determine control inputs to drive a robot from an unknown position to an unknown target.
Abstract: This paper presents the first randomized approach to kinodynamic planning (also known as trajectory planning or trajectory design). The task is to determine control inputs to drive a robot from an ...
2,993 citations
TL;DR: A meta-analytic review of the video-game research literature reveals that violent video games increase aggressive behavior in children and young adults and that playing violent videogames also decreases prosocial behavior.
Abstract: Research on exposure to television and movie violence suggests that playing violent video games will increase aggressive behavior. A meta-analytic review of the video-game research literature reveals that violent video games increase aggressive behavior in children and young adults. Experimental and nonexperimental studies with males and females in laboratory and field settings support this conclusion. Analyses also reveal that exposure to violent video games increases physiological arousal and aggression-related thoughts and feelings. Playing violent video games also decreases prosocial behavior.
1,978 citations
TL;DR: By relaxing the definition of quadratic stability, it is shown how to construct logarithmic quantizers with only finite number of quantization levels and still achieve practical stability of the closed-loop system.
Abstract: We show that the coarsest, or least dense, quantizer that quadratically stabilizes a single input linear discrete time invariant system is logarithmic, and can be computed by solving a special linear quadratic regulator problem. We provide a closed form for the optimal logarithmic base exclusively in terms of the unstable eigenvalues of the system. We show how to design quantized state-feedback controllers, and quantized state estimators. This leads to the design of hybrid output feedback controllers. The theory is then extended to sampling and quantization of continuous time linear systems sampled at constant time intervals. We generalize the definition of density of quantization to the density of sampling and quantization in a natural way, and search for the coarsest sampling and quantization scheme that ensures stability. Finally, by relaxing the definition of quadratic stability, we show how to construct logarithmic quantizers with only finite number of quantization levels and still achieve practical stability of the closed-loop system.
1,703 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the ability of NIRS to predict diverse soil properties, including total C, total N, moisture, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), 1.5 MPa water, basal respiration rate, sand, silt, and Mehlich III extractable Ca.
Abstract: A fast and convenient soil analytical technique is needed for soil quality assessment and precision soil management. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict diverse soil properties. Near-infrared reflectance spectra, obtained from a Perstrop NIR Systems 6500 scanning monochromator (Foss NIRSystems, Silver Spring, MD), and 33 chemical, physical, and biochemical properties were studied for 802 soil samples collected from four Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs). Calibrations were based on principal component regression (PCR) using the first derivatives of optical density [log(1/R)] for the 1300- to 2500-nm spectral range. Total C, total N, moisture, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), 1.5 MPa water, basal respiration rate, sand, silt, and Mehlich III extractable Ca were successfully predicted by NIRS (r 2 > 0.80). Some Mehlich III extractable metals (Fe, K, Mg, Mn) and exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, and K), sum of exchangeable bases, exchangeable acidity, clay, potentially mineralizable N, total respiration rate, biomass C, and pH were also estimated by NIRS but with less accuracy (r 2 = 0.80∼0.50). The predicted results for aggregation (wt% > 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25 mm, and macroaggregation) were not reliable (r 2 = 0.46∼0.60). Mehlich III extractable Cu, P, and Zn, and exchangeable Na could not be predicted using the NIRS-PCR technique (r 2 < 0.50). The results indicate that NIRS can be used as a rapid analytical technique to simultaneously estimate several soil properties with acceptable accuracy in a very short time.
1,599 citations
TL;DR: It is no longer appropriate to consider solely neuron–neuron connections; it is also necessary to develop a view of the intricate web of active connections among glial cells, and between glia and neurons.
Abstract: Glial cells are emerging from the background to become more prominent in our thinking about integration in the nervous system. Given that glial cells associated with synapses integrate neuronal inputs and can release transmitters that modulate synaptic activity, it is time to rethink our understanding of the wiring diagram of the nervous system. It is no longer appropriate to consider solely neuron–neuron connections; we also need to develop a view of the intricate web of active connections among glial cells, and between glia and neurons. Without such a view, it might be impossible to decode the language of the brain.
1,385 citations
TL;DR: For example, this article found that when altruism is expensive, women are kinder, but when it is cheap, men are more altruistic, whereas women tend to be "equalitarians" who prefer to share evenly.
Abstract: We study gender differences in altruism by examining a modieed dictator game with varying incomes and prices. Our results indicate that the question “which is the fair sex?” has a complicated answer—when altruism is expensive, women are kinder, but when it is cheap, men are more altruistic. That is, we end that the male and female “demand curves for altruism” cross, and that men are more responsive to price changes. Furthermore, men are more likely to be either perfectly selesh or perfectly seleess, whereas women tend to be “equalitarians” who prefer to share evenly.
1,149 citations
TL;DR: Compelling data suggest that flavones and isoflavones contribute to cancer prevention; however, further investigations will be required to clarify the nature of the impact and interactions between these bioactive constituents and other dietary components.
1,099 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of climate variability and change on food production, risk of malnutrition, and incidence of weeds, insects, and diseases are discussed, and projected scenarios of future climate change impacts on crop production and risk of hunger in major agricultural regions are presented.
Abstract: 90 © Kluwer Academic Publishers Challenges to Food Production and Nutrition Current and future energy use from burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests for cultivation can have profound effects on the global environment, agriculture, and the availability of low-cost, highquality food for humans. Individual farmers and consumers are expected to be affected by changes in global and regional climate. The agricultural sector in both developing and developed areas needs to understand what is at stake and to prepare for the potential for change wisely. Despite tremendous improvements in technology and crop yield potential, food production remains highly dependent on climate, because solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation are the main drivers of crop growth. Plant diseases and pest infestations, as well as the supply of and demand for irrigation water are infl uenced by climate. For example, in recent decades, the persistent drought in the Sahelian region of Africa has caused continuing deterioration of food production[1,2]; the 1988 Midwest drought led to a 30% reduction in U.S. corn production and cost taxpayers $3 billion in direct relief payments to farmers[3] and, weather anomalies associated with the 1997-98 El Niño affected agriculture adversely in Nordeste, Brazil and Indonesia[4]. Earlier in the century, the 1930s U.S. Southern Great Plains drought caused some 200,000 farm bankruptcies in the Dust Bowl; yields of wheat and corn were reduced by as much as 50%[5]. The aim of this article is to discuss the effects of climate variability and change on food production, risk of malnutrition, and incidence of weeds, insects, and diseases. It focuses on the effects of extreme weather events on agriculture, looking at examples from the recent past and to future projections. Major incidents of climate variability are contrasted, including the effects of the El NiñoSouthern Oscillation. Finally, projected scenarios of future climate change impacts on crop production and risk of hunger in major agricultural regions are presented. Altered weather patterns can increase crop vulnerability to infection, pest infestations, and choking weeds. Ranges of crop weeds, insects, and diseases are projected to expand to higher latitudes[6,7]. Shifts in climate in different world regions may have different and contrasting effects. Some parts of the world may benefi t from global climate change (at least in the short term), but large regions of the developing world may experience reduced food supplies and potential increase in malnutrition[2,3]. Changes in food supply could lead to permanent or semi-permanent displacement of populations in developing countries, consequent overcrowding and associated diseases, such as tuberculosis[8]. Climate change and extreme weather events
1,007 citations
01 Nov 2001
TL;DR: The proposed algorithm enables supervised NN paradigms, such as the multilayer perceptron (MLP), to accommodate new data, including examples that correspond to previously unseen classes, as well as a real-world classification task.
Abstract: We introduce Learn++, an algorithm for incremental training of neural network (NN) pattern classifiers. The proposed algorithm enables supervised NN paradigms, such as the multilayer perceptron (MLP), to accommodate new data, including examples that correspond to previously unseen classes. Furthermore, the algorithm does not require access to previously used data during subsequent incremental learning sessions, yet at the same time, it does not forget previously acquired knowledge. Learn++ utilizes ensemble of classifiers by generating multiple hypotheses using training data sampled according to carefully tailored distributions. The outputs of the resulting classifiers are combined using a weighted majority voting procedure. We present simulation results on several benchmark datasets as well as a real-world classification task. Initial results indicate that the proposed algorithm works rather well in practice. A theoretical upper bound on the error of the classifiers constructed by Learn++ is also provided.
878 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the transverse momentum spectra for charged hadrons and neutral pions in the range 1 Gev/c < P-T < 5 GeV/c.
Abstract: Transverse momentum spectra for charged hadrons and for neutral pions in the range 1 Gev/c < P-T < 5 GeV/c have been measured by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC in Au + Au collisions at rootS(NN) = 130 GeV. At high p(T) the spectra from peripheral nuclear collisions are consistent with scaling the spectra from p + p collisions by the average number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions. The spectra from central collisions are significantly suppressed when compared to the binary-scaled p + p expectation, and also when compared to similarly binary-scaled peripheral collisions, indicating a novel nuclear-medium effect in central nuclear collisions at RHIC energies.
803 citations
TL;DR: The preparation method of and boron isotope effect for MgB2, a new binary intermetallic superconductor with a remarkably high superconducting transition temperature T(c)(10B) = 40.2 K, is reported, consistent with the material being a phonon-mediated BCSsuperconductor.
Abstract: We report the preparation method of and boron isotope effect for ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$, a new binary intermetallic superconductor with a remarkably high superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}{(}^{10}\mathrm{B})\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}40.2\mathrm{K}$. Measurements of both temperature dependent magnetization and specific heat reveal a 1.0 K shift in ${T}_{c}$ between ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{11}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{10}{\mathrm{B}}_{2}$. Whereas such a high transition temperature might imply exotic coupling mechanisms, the boron isotope effect in ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ is consistent with the material being a phonon-mediated BCS superconductor.
TL;DR: It seems a proper time to "pull the plug" and allow the hostile-instrumental aggression dichotomy a dignified death.
Abstract: Psychologists have often categorized human aggression as hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is "hot," impulsive behavior that is motivated by a desire to hurt someone; instrumental aggression is "cold," premeditated behavior used as a means to some other end. This dichotomy was useful to the early development of aggression theories and continues to capture important features of nonhuman aggression, but it has outlived its usefulness as a descriptor of fundamentally different kinds of human aggression. It is confounded with the automatic-controlled information-processing dichotomy, and it fails to consider aggressive acts with multiple motives. Knowledge structure models of aggression easily handle these problems. Taking extreme measures to preserve the hostile-instrumental dichotomy will delay further advances in understanding and controlling human aggression. Therefore, this seems a proper time to "pull the plug" and allow the hostile-instrumental aggression dichotomy a dignified death. Language: en
TL;DR: It is shown that the risk of water quality degradation by Cyanobacteria blooms is more strongly correlated with variation in total P, total N, or standing algae biomass than the ratio of N:P.
Abstract: A controversial precept of aquatic ecology asserts that low ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) lead to noxious and sometimes toxic blooms of Cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria dominance is a major ri...
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of oxidized biodiesel on engine performance and emissions was evaluated on a John Deere 4276T turbocharged DI diesel engine with three injection timings (3° advanced, standard, and 3° retarded).
Abstract: Biodiesel is an alternative fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Previous research has shown that biodiesel-fueled engines produce less carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate emissions compared to diesel fuel. One drawback of biodiesel is that it is more prone to oxidation than petroleum-based diesel fuel. In its advanced stages, this oxidation can cause the fuel to become acidic and to form insoluble gums and sediments that can plug fuel filters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of oxidized biodiesel on engine performance and emissions. A John Deere 4276T turbocharged DI diesel engine was fueled with oxidized and unoxidized biodiesel and the performance and emissions were compared with No. 2 diesel fuel. The neat biodiesels, 20% blends, and the base fuel (No. 2 diesel) were tested at two different loads (100 and 20%) and three injection timings (3° advanced, standard; 3° retarded). The tests were performed at steady-state conditions at a single engine speed of 1400 rpm. The engine performance of the neat biodiesels and their blends was similar to that of No. 2 diesel fuel with the same thermal efficiency, but higher fuel consumption. Compared with unoxidized biodiesel, oxidized neat biodiesel produced 15 and 16% lower exhaust carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the oxides of nitrogen and smoke emissions from oxidized and unoxidized biodiesel.
TL;DR: The conversion of organics in wastewaters into hydrogen gas could serve the dual role of renewable energy production and waste reduction and the highest conversion efficiency was 46.6 mL H2/(g COD/L).
Abstract: The conversion of organics in wastewaters into hydrogen gas could serve the dual role of renewable energy production and waste reduction. The chemical energy in a sucrose rich synthetic wastewater was recovered as hydrogen gas in this study. Using fractional factorial design batch experiments, the effect of varying pH (4.5-7.5) and substrate concentration (1.5-44.8 g COD/L) and their interaction on hydrogen gas production were tested. Mixed bacterial cultures obtained from a compost pile, a potato field, and a soybean field were heated to inhibit hydrogen-consuming methanogens and to enrich sporeforming, hydrogen-producing acidogens. It was determined that the highest rate (74.7 mL H2/(L*h)) of hydrogen production occurred at a pH of 5.5 and a substrate concentration of 7.5 g COD/Lwith a conversion efficiency of 38.9 mL H2/(g COD/L). The highest conversion efficiency was 46.6 mL H2/(g COD/L).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors revisited several conceptual and methodological issues inherent, but often overlooked, in using the importance-performance analysis framework in hotel and tourism research. And they provided suggestions for future tourism and hospitality research applying importanceperformance analysis, which has gained popularity among hospitality and tourism researchers for its simplicity and ease of application.
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that people are generally skeptical of news emanating from all three media channels but do rate newspapers with the highest credibility, followed by online news and television news, respectively.
Abstract: This article explores perceptions of news credibility for television, newspapers, and online news. A survey was administered to a randomly selected sample of residents in Austin, Texas, to assess people's attitudes toward these 3 media channels. Contingent factors that might influence news credibility perceptions, such as media use and interpersonal discussion of news, were incorporated into the analysis. Findings suggest that people are generally skeptical of news emanating from all 3 media channels but do rate newspapers with the highest credibility, followed by online news and television news, respectively. Furthermore, opinions about news credibility seem to be correlated across media outlets. The data also show a moderate negative linkage between interpersonal discussion of news and perceptions of media credibility for television news but not for newspapers. When controlling for basic demographics, a positive correlation was found between interpersonal communication and online news credibility. Final...
Journal Article•
14 May 2001
TL;DR: This paper describes the FSA based technique and presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the technique, which can capture both short term and long term temporal relationships among system calls, and thus perform more accurate detection.
Abstract: Anomaly detection on system call sequences has become perhaps the most successful approach for detecting novel intrusions. A natural way for learning sequences is to use a finite-state automaton (FSA). However previous research indicates that FSA-learning is computationally expensive, that it cannot be completely automated or that the space usage of the FSA may be excessive. We present a new approach that overcomes these difficulties. Our approach builds a compact FSA in a fully automatic and efficient manner, without requiring access to source code for programs. The space requirements for the FSA is low - of the order of a few kilobytes for typical programs. The FSA uses only a constant time per system call during the learning as well as the detection period. This factor leads to low overheads for intrusion detection. Unlike many of the previous techniques, our FSA-technique can capture both short term and long term temporal relationships among system calls, and thus perform more accurate detection. This enables our approach to generalize and predict future behaviors from past behaviors. As a result, the training periods needed for our FSA based approach are shorter. Moreover false positives are reduced without increasing the likelihood of missing attacks. This paper describes our FSA based technique and presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the technique.
Book•
01 Jan 2001TL;DR: Contributing Authors R.C. Arritt, B.H. Bates, R.L. McGregor, N. Miller, J. Murphy, M. Rummukainen, F. Semazzi, K. Walsh, P. Widmann and M. Wild.
Abstract: Contributing Authors R. Arritt, B. Bates, R. Benestad, G. Boer, A. Buishand, M. Castro, D. Chen, W. Cramer, R. Crane, J. F. Crossley, M. Dehn, K. Dethloff, J. Dippner, S. Emori, R. Francisco, J. Fyfe, F.W. Gerstengarbe, W. Gutowski, D. Gyalistras, I. Hanssen-Bauer, M. Hantel, D.C. Hassell, D. Heimann, C. Jack, J. Jacobeit, H. Kato, R. Katz, F. Kauker, T. Knutson, M. Lal, C. Landsea, R. Laprise, L.R. Leung, A.H. Lynch, W. May, J.L. McGregor, N.L. Miller, J. Murphy, J. Ribalaygua, A. Rinke, M. Rummukainen, F. Semazzi, K. Walsh, P. Werner, M. Widmann, R. Wilby, M. Wild, Y. Xue
TL;DR: A comparison of news reports and scientific knowledge about media effects reveals a disturbing discontinuity: over the past 50 years, the average news report has changed from claims of a weak link to a moderate link and then back to aweak link between media violence and aggression.
Abstract: Fifty years of news coverage on the link between media violence and aggression have left the U.S. public confused. Typical news articles pit researchers and child advocates against entertainment industry representatives, frequently giving equal weight to the arguments of both sides. A comparison of news reports and scientific knowledge about media effects reveals a disturbing discontinuity: Over the past 50 years, the average news report has changed from claims of a weak link to a moderate link and then back to a weak link between media violence and aggression. However, since 1975, the scientific confidence and statistical magnitude of this link have been clearly positive and have consistently increased over time. Reasons for this discontinuity between news reports and the actual state of scientific knowledge include the vested interests of the news, a misapplied fairness doctrine in news reporting, and the failure of the research community to effectively argue the scientific case.
TL;DR: The authors have designed and implemented a program, called LUCY, which strikes a delicate balance among the many issues involved in the raw sequence cleaning problem, and they wish to share it with the research community.
Abstract: MOTIVATION Most sequence comparison methods assume that the data being compared are trustworthy, but this is not the case with raw DNA sequences obtained from automatic sequencing machines Nevertheless, sequence comparisons need to be done on them in order to remove vector splice sites and contaminants This step is necessary before other genomic data processing stages can be carried out, such as fragment assembly or EST clustering A specialized tool is therefore needed to solve this apparent dilemma RESULTS We have designed and implemented a program that specifically addresses the problem This program, called LUCY, has been in use since 1998 at The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) During this period, many rounds of experience-driven modifications were made to LUCY to improve its accuracy and its ability to deal with extremely difficult input cases We believe we have finally obtained a useful program which strikes a delicate balance among the many issues involved in the raw sequence cleaning problem, and we wish to share it with the research community AVAILABILITY LUCY is available directly from TIGR (http://wwwtigrorg/softlab) Academic users can download LUCY after accepting a free academic use license Business users may need to pay a license fee to use LUCY for commercial purposes CONTACT Questions regarding the quality assessment module of LUCY should be directed to Michael Holmes (mholmes@tigrorg) Questions regarding other aspects of LUCY should be directed to Hui-Hsien Chou (hhchou@iastateedu)
TL;DR: Nurturant/involved parenting and collective socialization processes were inversely associated, and harsh/inconsistent parenting was positively associated, with deviant peer affiliations.
Abstract: This study focused on hypotheses about the contributions of neighborhood disadvantage, collective socialization, and parenting to African American children's affiliation with deviant peers. A total of 867 families living in Georgia and Iowa, each with a 10- to 12-year-old child, participated. Unique contributions to deviant peer affiliation were examined using a hierarchical linear model. Community disadvantage derived from census data had a significant positive effect on deviant peer affiliations. Nurturant/involved parenting and collective socialization processes were inversely associated, and harsh/inconsistent parenting was positively associated, with deviant peer affiliations. The effects of nurturant/involved parenting and collective socialization were most pronounced for children residing in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods.
TL;DR: The results of Caswell's neutral model were used to generate null relationships between richness (S), evenness (A), and proportional diversity (B) and to test predictions of the null model against empirical relationships describing data in a literature survey and in four individual studies conducted across various scales.
Abstract: Diversity (or biodiversity) is typically measured by a species count (richness) and sometimes with an evenness index; it may also be measured by a proportional statistic that combines both measures (e.g., Shannon‐Weiner index or \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc}
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ormalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $H^{\prime }$ \end{document} ). These diversity measures are hypothesized to be positively and strongly correlated, but this null hypothesis has not been tested empirically. We used the results of Caswell's neutral model to generate null relationsh...
TL;DR: The authors used attribution theory to explain consumers' responses to negative word-of-mouth communication (WOMC) and found that causal attributions mediate the negative WOMC-brand evaluation relation, receivers' attributions depend on the manner in which the negative WOMC is conveyed, and brand name affects attributions.
TL;DR: The idea behind MI, the advantages of MI over existing techniques for addressing missing data, how to do MI for real problems, the software available to implement MI, and the results of a simulation study aimed at finding out how assumptions regarding the imputation model affect the parameter estimates provided by MI are discussed.
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive review of multiple imputation (MI), a technique for analyzing data sets with missing values. Formally, MI is the process of replacing each missing data point with a set of m > 1 plausible values to generate m complete data sets. These complete data sets are then analyzed by standard statistical software, and the results combined, to give parameter estimates and standard errors that take into account the uncertainty due to the missing data values. This article introduces the idea behind MI, discusses the advantages of MI over existing techniques for addressing missing data, describes how to do MI for real problems, reviews the software available to implement MI, and discusses the results of a simulation study aimed at finding out how assumptions regarding the imputation model affect the parameter estimates provided by MI.
TL;DR: The impact of Bt corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterfly populations is negligible, according to a 2-year study by scientists in several states and in Canada.
Abstract: A collaborative research effort by scientists in several states and in Canada has produced information to develop a formal risk assessment of the impact of Bt corn on monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) populations. Information was sought on the acute toxic effects of Bt corn pollen and the degree to which monarch larvae would be exposed to toxic amounts of Bt pollen on its host plant, the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, found in and around cornfields. Expression of Cry proteins, the active toxicant found in Bt corn tissues, differed among hybrids, and especially so in the concentrations found in pollen of different events. In most commercial hybrids, Bt expression in pollen is low, and laboratory and field studies show no acute toxic effects at any pollen density that would be encountered in the field. Other factors mitigating exposure of larvae include the variable and limited overlap between pollen shed and larval activity periods, the fact that only a portion of the monarch population utilizes milkweed stands in and near cornfields, and the current adoption rate of Bt corn at 19% of North American corn-growing areas. This 2-year study suggests that the impact of Bt corn pollen from current commercial hybrids on monarch butterfly populations is negligible.
TL;DR: Whether their high solubalizing power, negligible vapor pressure, and broad liquid temperature range are advantageous if they are used as matrixes for UV-MALDI is examined.
Abstract: Room-temperature ionic liquids are useful as solvents for organic synthesis, electrochemical studies, and separations. We wished to examine whether their high solubalizing power, negligible vapor pressure, and broad liquid temperature range are advantageous if they are used as matrixes for UV-MALDI. Several different ionic matrixes were synthesized and tested, using peptides, proteins, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-2000). All ionic liquids tested have excellent solubilizing properties and vacuum stability compared to other commonly used liquid and solid matrixes. However, they varied widely in their ability to produce analyte gas-phase ions. Certain ionic matrixes, however, produce homogeneous solutions of greater vacuum stability, higher ion peak intensity, and equivalent or lower detection limits than currently used solid matrixes. Clearly, ionic liquids and their more amorphous solid analogues merit further investigation as MALDI matrixes.
TL;DR: An overview of theoretical background for measuring water content and electrical conductivity is presented as well as characteristics of different types of probes in this article, and limitations of applying TDR techniques to measuring soil water and salinity are also addressed.
TL;DR: The results suggest that many people may engage in aggression to regulate (improve) their own affective states.
Abstract: Do people aggress to make themselves feel better? We adapted a procedure used by G. K. Manucia, D. J. Baumann, and R. B. Cialdini (1984), in which some participants are given a bogus mood-freezing pill that makes affect regulation efforts ineffective. In Study 1, people who had been induced to believe in the value of catharsis and venting anger responded more aggressively than did control participants to insulting criticism, but this aggression was eliminated by the mood-freezing pill. Study 2 showed similar results among people with high anger-out (i.e., expressing and venting anger) tendencies. Studies 3 and 4 provided questionnaire data consistent with these interpretations, and Study 5 replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2 using measures more directly concerned with affect regulation. Taken together, these results suggest that many people may engage in aggression to regulate (improve) their own affective states.