Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 2004"

An information retrieval approach to concept location in source code

Abstract: Concept location identifies parts of a software system that implement a specific concept that originates from the problem or the solution domain. Concept location is a very common software engineering activity that directly supports software maintenance and evolution tasks such as incremental change and reverse engineering. This work addresses the problem of concept location using an advanced information retrieval method, Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI). LSI is used to map concepts expressed in natural language by the programmer to the relevant parts of the source code. Results of a case study on NCSA Mosaic are presented and compared with previously published results of other static methods for concept location.

Toward a Theory of Motivated Information Management

Abstract: The relationship between uncertainty and information has long been at the forefront of the social scientific study of human behavior. The last decade has seen increased attention among communication scholars to the information-management process. The result has been significant widening of ideological lenses and an impressive growth of knowledge. However, a review of the literature shows that there is the need for a framework that integrates and extends these efforts. We advance the theory of motivated information-management to fill that need. The theory proposes a 3-phase process of information-management in interpersonal encounters, emphasizes the role of efficacy, and brings attention to the interactive nature of information-management in this context. We explicate the theory's propositional structure and present a graphical model intended to capture some of the overarching principles detailed in that structure.

Particle-type dependence of azimuthal anisotropy and nuclear modification of particle production in Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

Abstract: We present STAR measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy parameter v{sub 2} and the binary-collision scaled centrality ratio R{sub CP} for kaons and lambdas ({Lambda} + {bar {Lambda}}) at mid-rapidity in Au+Au collisions at {radical}s{sub NN} = 200 GeV. In combination, the v{sub 2} and R{sub CP} particle-type dependencies contradict expectations from partonic energy loss followed by standard fragmentation in vacuum. We establish p{sub T} {approx} 5 GeV/c as the value where the centrality dependent baryon enhancement ends. The K{sub S}{sup 0} and {Lambda} + {bar {Lambda}} v{sub 2} values are consistent with expectations of constituent-quark-number scaling from models of hadron formation by parton coalescence or recombination.

Biaxial nematic phase in bent-core thermotropic mesogens.

Abstract: A biaxial nematic phase had been predicted with ${D}_{2h}$ symmetry, wherein the mesogen's long and short transverse axes are simultaneously aligned along the two orthogonal, primary and secondary directors, $\mathbf{n}$ and $\mathbf{m}$, respectively. The unique low-angle x-ray diffraction patterns in the nematic phases exhibited by three rigid bent-core mesogens clearly reveal their biaxiality. The results of x-ray diffraction can be readily reproduced by ab initio calculations that explicitly include the bent-core shape in the form factor and assume short-range positional correlations.

Social Interactions Across Media: Interpersonal Communication on the Internet, Telephone and Face-to-Face

Abstract: Two studies compared college students’ interpersonal interaction online, face-to-face, and on the telephone. A communication diary assessed the relative amount of social interactions college students conducted online compared to face-to-face conversation and telephone calls. Results indicated that while the internet was integrated into college students’ social lives, face-to-face communication remained the dominant mode of interaction. Participants reported using the internet as often as the telephone. A survey compared reported use of the internet within local and long distance social circles to the use of other media within those circles, and examined participants’ most recent significant social interactions conducted across media in terms of purposes, contexts, and quality. Internet interaction was perceived as high in quality, but slightly lower than other media. Results were compared to previous conceptualizations of the roles of internet in one’s social life.

Behavioral outcomes and evidence of psychopathology among very low birth weight infants at age 20 years.

Abstract: Objective. Information on the mental health of very low birth weight (VLBW; Methods. We compared a cohort of 241 survivors among VLBW infants who were born between 1977 and 1979 (mean birth weight: 1180 g; mean gestational age at birth: 29.7 weeks), 116 of whom were men and 125 of whom were women, with 233 control subjects from the same population in Cleveland who had normal birth weights (108 men and 124 women). Young adult behavior was assessed at 20 years of age with the Achenbach Young Adult Self-Report and the Young Adult Behavior Checklist for parents. In addition, the young adults and parents completed the ADHD Rating Scale for Adults. Gender-specific outcomes were adjusted for sociodemographic status. Results. VLBW men reported having significantly fewer delinquent behaviors than normal birth weight (NBW) control subjects, but there were no differences on the Internalizing, Externalizing, or Total Problem Behavior scales. Parents of VLBW men reported significantly more thought problems for their sons than did parents of control subjects. VLBW women reported significantly more withdrawn behaviors and fewer delinquent behavior problems than control subjects. Their rates of internalizing behaviors (which includes anxious/depressed and withdrawn behaviors) above the borderline clinical cutoff were 30% versus 16% (odds ratio: 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-4.1). Parents of VLBW women reported significantly higher scores for their daughters on the anxious/depressed, withdrawn, and attention problem subscales compared with control parents. The odds ratios for parent-reported rates above the borderline-clinical cutoff among women for the anxious/depressed subscale was 4.4 (95% CI: 1.4-13.5), for thought problems was 3.7 (95% CI: 1.2-11.6), and for attention problems was 2.4 (95% CI: 1.0-5.5). There were no differences in the young adult self-report of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Parents of VLBW men reported higher mean scores on the attention subtype of ADHD but not higher rates of ADHD. Conclusion. The increase in psychopathology among VLBW survivors in young adulthood indicates a need for anticipatory guidance and early intervention that might help to prevent or ameliorate potential psychopathology.

Real Options as Engines of Choice and Heterogeneity

Abstract: Four characterizations of options exist: (1) as a component of total firm value, (2) as specific projects, (3) as choices, and (4) as a heuristic for strategic investment. Option value exists when two conditions apply: future choices and potential for proprietary access to outcomes. Narrower boundary conditions are inconsistent with theory and incomplete for application. The option lens has promise for its power to shed economic insight into behavioral processes.

Lineability and spaceability of sets of functions on R

Abstract: We show that there is an infinite-dimensional vector space of differentiable functions on R, every non-zero element of which is nowhere monotone. We also show that there is a vector space of dimension 2 c of functions R → R, every non-zero element of which is everywhere surjective.

Associations between insecure attachment and sexual experiences

Abstract: Associations between insecure attachment and sexual experiences were tested in a sample of 328 college students. Variations in adult attachment previously have been shown to relate to sexual behaviors, with the current study extending earlier work by examining different sexual outcomes and by testing factors that may account for these relations. Avoidant attachment was expected to relate to engagement in casual sex (i.e., a greater number of sexual partners and lower percentage of partners within committed relationships), with less restrictive sexual beliefs mediating the relations. In contrast, anxious attachment was expected to relate to more unwanted but consensual sexual experiences, and to more negative affect about sexual experiences, with low self-esteem mediating the relations. Results showed some support for the hypotheses. Avoidant attachment was related to the type (but not number) of sexual partners, with sexual beliefs mediating the relations. A greater number of unwanted but consensual sexual experiences related to anxious and avoidant attachment for women and to avoidant attachment for men. Anxiety related to negative affect for women and men, and self-esteem served as a partial mediator of these relations.

Impact of Exposure to Violence in School on Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Behavior.

Abstract: Exposure to violence at school remains a significant problem for children and adolescents. This study examined the relationship between exposure to violence at school and child reports of psychological trauma symptoms and violent behavior. The sample consisted of children in grades 3 through 12 in 17 public schools from two different states. Rates of witnessing violence ranged from 56% of elementary-school students witnessing someone else being beaten up to 87% of students witnessing someone else being hit, slapped, or punched at school in the past year. Nearly half (44 %) of middle-school youth were threatened at school. After accounting for demographic effects, witnessing violence at school accounted for more variance than being victimized by violence at school in predicting both psychological trauma symptoms and violent behavior. Students who were exposed to high levels of violence at school also were significantly more likely to experience clinical levels of trauma symptoms than students who were exposed to low levels of violence at school. The association between exposure to violence at school and child well being are discussed.

Feeling Superior but Threatened: The Relation of Narcissism to Social Comparison

Abstract: The relationship of narcissism to naturalistic social comparison was examined in a daily diary study. Of the participants, 98 reported the social comparisons that they encountered and noticed in their everyday lives over a 3-day period. Participants reported experiencing positive affect from downward comparisons and negative affect from upward comparisons. These relationships were moderated by narcissistic personality traits, such that individuals high in narcissistic traits tended to experience more extreme affective responses to social comparison than did individuals low in narcissistic personality traits. Individuals with higher narcissism scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin & Hall, 1979) experienced increased positive affect from downward comparison and increased hostility from upward comparison; individuals with higher scores on the exploitiveness or entitlement subscale of the NPI experienced bolstered positive affect and self-esteem from downward comparison. These findings...

'There just aren't enough hours in the day': the mental health consequences of time pressure.

Abstract: In this paper I examine the association between subjective time pressure and depression and consider whether time pressure mediates the relationship between roles and depression, whether social and economic resources moderate the association between time pressure and depression, and whether time pressure explains gender differences in depression. Results of a telephone survey of 790 respondents indicate that time pressure is significantly associated with distress for men and women, and that subjective time pressure accounts for the significantly higher depression of employed women. Time pressure mediates the impact of housework and the volunteer role among women and it partially explains the differential depression of divorced men. Several resources moderate the impact of time pressure on depression: income among both men and women and perceived co-worker social support among men. Results suggest that the subjective experience of time pressure can be thought of as a potentially important mechanism by which lived experience is transformed into depression. However, in spite of the ubiquity of time pressure in the North American context, the depressing consequences of this subjective experience are not distributed equitably, suggesting that the capacity to manage time pressure and avoid depression may be another benefit associated with strategically advantageous social locations.

Basic instrumentation for Hall A at Jefferson Lab

Abstract: The instrumentation in Hall A at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility was designed to study electro-and photo-induced reactions at very high luminosity and good momentum and angular resolution for at least one of the reaction products. The central components of Hall A are two identical high resolution spectrometers, which allow the vertical drift chambers in the focal plane to provide a momentum resolution of better than 2 x 10(-4). A variety of Cherenkov counters, scintillators and lead-glass calorimeters provide excellent particle identification. The facility has been operated successfully at a luminosity well in excess of 10(38) CM-2 s(-1). The research program is aimed at a variety of subjects, including nucleon structure functions, nucleon form factors and properties of the nuclear medium. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Suicide attempts associated with externalizing psychopathology in an epidemiological sample.

Abstract: Objective: Borrowing from recent dimensional models of psychopathology, the authors conducted analyses that optimized the common variance shared by internalizing (depression, anxiety) and externalizing (antisocial personality, substance dependence) disorders in statistically predicting suicidal behaviors. These relationships were analyzed in a large epidemiological sample, thus allowing for the examination of gender differences in risk for suicide attempts associated with psychopathology. Method: The data were obtained from the Colorado Social Health Survey. Participants (N=4,745) were a community sample recruited by household address. Structured clinical interviews were used to obtain lifetime diagnostic and symptom count information. Symptom counts were included in a factor analysis that yielded two main dimensions of psychopathology: internalizing and externalizing. These factors were used in hierarchical logistic regression analyses to predict history of suicide attempts associated with the presence of internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and comorbid internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results: After the investigators controlled for the presence of internalizing symptoms and the comorbidity of internalizing and externalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms were related to suicidal behavior in both men and women, although comorbidity was most predictive of suicide attempts among women, compared to men. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior among individuals with externalizing symptoms is not necessarily a result of comorbid depressive or other internalizing disorder. Thus, persons exhibiting antisocial behaviors should receive rigorous assessment for suicidal ideation and behavior.

Azimuthal Anisotropy at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider: The First and Fourth Harmonics

Abstract: We report the first observations of the first harmonic (directed flow, v(1)) and the fourth harmonic (v(4)), in the azimuthal distribution of particles with respect to the reaction plane in Au+Au collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Both measurements were done taking advantage of the large elliptic flow (v(2)) generated at RHIC. From the correlation of v(2) with v(1) it is determined that v(2) is positive, or in-plane. The integrated v(4) is about a factor of 10 smaller than v(2). For the sixth (v(6)) and eighth (v(8)) harmonics upper limits on the magnitudes are reported.

Psychopathy and Physiological Response to Emotionally Evocative Sounds.

Abstract: Despite considerable evidence that psychopathic criminals are deviant in their emotional reactions, few studies have examined responses to both pleasurable and aversive stimuli or assessed the role of different facets of psychopathy in affective deviations. This study investigated physiological reactions to emotional sounds in prisoners selected according to scores on the 2 factors of Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL–R; R. D. Hare, 1991). Offenders high on the PCL-R emotional–interpersonal factor, regardless of scores on the social deviance factor, showed diminished skin conductance responses to both pleasant and unpleasant sounds, suggesting a deficit in the action mobilization component of emotional response. Offenders who scored high only on the social deviance factor showed a delay in heart rate differentiation between affective and neutral sounds. These findings indicate abnormal reactivity to both positive and negative emotional stimuli in psychopathic individuals, and suggest differing roles for the 2 facets of psychopathy in affective processing deviations. Cleckley (1976) characterized psychopathy as a “mask of sanity” in which overtly normal intelligence and verbal presentation disguise a severe underlying pathology. Cleckley theorized that the disjunction between the psychopath’s surface demeanor and his or her self-defeating actions and disturbed interpersonal relations reflected a fundamental disconnection between cognition and affect. Research to date has provided considerable support for this conceptualization, including findings of reduced electrodermal reactivity to cues signaling noxious stimulation (cf. Arnett, 1997; Hare, 1978; Siddle & Trasler, 1981), reduced electrocortical discrimination between affective and neutral words (e.g., Kiehl, Hare, McDonald, & Brink, 1999; Williamson, Harpur, & Hare, 1991), and diminished potentiation of the defensive startle reflex during exposure to aversive emotional pictures or warning cues (Levenston, Patrick, Bradley, & Lang, 2000; Patrick, 1994; Patrick, Bradley, & Lang, 1993). A limitation of this existing literature is that most published studies have assessed reactivity to unpleasant emotional cues only, typically in the context of conditioning or quasi-conditioning (stressor anticipation) paradigms. Only a few studies have examined responses to appetitive as well as aversive stimuli, and all of these have used visual affective stimuli. The current study extended the existing literature by investigating physiological reactions to both pleasurable and aversive acoustic stimuli in psychopathic individuals.

Health-related correlates of perceived discrimination in HIV care.

Abstract: Negative interactions with health care providers can have important implications for the health and health care of HIV-positive individuals The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of race-based and socioeconomic status (SES)-based discrimination during interactions with HIV treatment providers We recruited 110 individuals (17% female, 51% white) living with HIV from an AIDS service organization in a midwestern city Results indicated that the majority of participants had perceived discrimination in their interactions with providers when getting treatment for HIV More specifically, 71% reported having experienced discrimination when receiving treatment for HIV based on their race or color, and 66% reported discrimination attributed to their socioeconomic status, position, or social class However, participants indicated that they experienced discrimination infrequently No significant racial/ethnic differences in reports of discrimination were observed In addition, greater race-based and SES-based discrimination were each associated with greater levels of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms, greater severity of AIDS-related symptoms, lower perceived general health, and less health care satisfaction Greater SES-based discrimination was also related to lower adherence to antiretroviral medications Our findings suggest that experiences with discrimination when getting treatment have important implications for the health and health care of HIV-positive individuals It is important to note, however, that discrimination based on HIV status or sexual orientation was not assessed and may have affected the results Studies that explore perceptions of discrimination based on other factors among HIV-positive individuals may improve understanding of the nature, extent, and consequences of discrimination in patient-provider interactions

Attachment Styles and Contingencies of Self-Worth:

Abstract: Previous research on attachment theory has focused on mean differences in level of self-esteem among people with different attachment styles. The present study examines the associations between attachment styles and different bases of self-esteem, or contingencies of self-worth, among a sample of 795 college students. Results showed that attachment security was related to basing self-worth on family support. Both the preoccupied attachment style and fearful attachment style were related to basing self-worth on physical attractiveness. The dismissing attachment style was related to basing self-worth less on others' approval, family support, and God's love.

Topology discovery in heterogeneous IP networks: the NetInventory system

Abstract: Knowledge of the up-to-date physical topology of an IP network is crucial to a number of critical network management tasks, including reactive and proactive resource management, event correlation, and root-cause analysis. Given the dynamic nature of today's IP networks, keeping track of topology information manually is a daunting (if not impossible) task. Thus, effective algorithms for automatically discovering physical network topology are necessary. Earlier work has typically concentrated on either 1) discovering logical (i.e., layer-3) topology, which implies that the connectivity of all layer-2 elements (e.g., switches and bridges) is ignored, or 2) proprietary solutions targeting specific product families. In this paper, we present novel algorithms for discovering physical topology in heterogeneous (i.e., multi-vendor) IP networks. Our algorithms rely on standard SNMP MIB information that is widely supported by modern IP network elements and require no modifications to the operating system software running on elements or hosts. We have implemented the algorithms presented in this paper in the context of the NetInventory topology-discovery tool that has been tested on Lucent's own research network. The experimental results clearly validate our approach, demonstrating that our tool can consistently discover the accurate physical network topology with reasonably small running-time requirements even for fairly large network configurations.

Precision measurement of the neutron spin asymmetries and spin-dependent structure functions in the valence quark region

Abstract: We report on measurements of the neutron spin asymmetries $A_{1,2}^n$ and polarized structure functions $g_{1,2}^n$ at three kinematics in the deep inelastic region, with $x=0.33$, 0.47 and 0.60 and $Q^2=2.7$, 3.5 and 4.8 (GeV/c)$^2$, respectively. These measurements were performed using a 5.7 GeV longitudinally-polarized electron beam and a polarized $^3$He target. The results for $A_1^n$ and $g_1^n$ at $x=0.33$ are consistent with previous world data and, at the two higher $x$ points, have improved the precision of the world data by about an order of magnitude. The new $A_1^n$ data show a zero crossing around $x=0.47$ and the value at $x=0.60$ is significantly positive. These results agree with a next-to-leading order QCD analysis of previous world data. The trend of data at high $x$ agrees with constituent quark model predictions but disagrees with that from leading-order perturbative QCD (pQCD) assuming hadron helicity conservation. Results for $A_2^n$ and $g_2^n$ have a precision comparable to the best world data in this kinematic region. Combined with previous world data, the moment $d_2^n$ was evaluated and the new result has improved the precision of this quantity by about a factor of two. When combined with the world proton data, polarized quark distribution functions were extracted from the new $g_1^n/F_1^n$ values based on the quark parton model. While results for $\Delta u/u$ agree well with predictions from various models, results for $\Delta d/d$ disagree with the leading-order pQCD prediction when hadron helicity conservation is imposed.

Mourning beyond melancholia: Freud's psychoanalysis of loss

Abstract: Freud's mourning theory has been criticized for assuming a model of subjectivity based on a strongly bounded form of individuation. This model informs "Mourning and Melancholia" (1917), in which Freud argued that mourning comes to a decisive end when the subject severs its emotional attachment to the lost one and reinvests the free libido in a new object. Yet Freud revised his mourning theory in writings concerned with the Great War and in The Ego and the Id (1923), where he redefined the identification process previously associated with melancholia as an integral component of mourning. By viewing the character of the ego as an elegiac formation, that is, as "a precipitate of abandoned object-cathexes," Freud's later work registers the endlessness of normal grieving; however, it also imports into mourning the violent characteristics of melancholia, the internal acts of moralized aggression waged in an effort to dissolve the internal trace of the other and establish an autonomous identity. Because it is not immediately clear how Freud's text offers a theory of mourning beyond melancholy violence, his account of the elegiac ego is shown here to ultimately undermine the wish for an identity unencumbered by the claims of the lost other and the past, and to suggest the affirmative and ethical aspects of mourning.

Aspects and consequences of a dressed-quark-gluon vertex

Abstract: Features of the dressed-quark-gluon vertex and their role in the gap and Bethe-Salpeter equations are explored. It is argued that quenched lattice data indicate the existence of net attraction in the color-octet projection of the quark-antiquark scattering kernel. The study employs a vertex model whose diagrammatic content is explicitly enumerable. That enables the systematic construction of a vertex-consistent Bethe-Salpeter kernel and thereby an exploration of the consequences for the strong interaction spectrum of attraction in the color-octet channel. With rising current-quark mass the rainbow-ladder truncation is shown to provide an increasingly accurate estimate of a bound state's mass. Moreover, the calculated splitting between vector and pseudoscalar meson masses vanishes as the current-quark mass increases, which argues for the mass of the pseudoscalar partner of the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(1S)$ to be above $9.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}$. With the amount of attraction suggested by lattice data color-antitriplet diquarks are absent from the strong interaction spectrum.

A Focus on Fluency: How One Teacher Incorporated Fluency With Her Reading Curriculum

Abstract: Reading fluency has been identified as a key goal for the elementary school reading curriculum. Despite its theoretical importance in reading development and research that has demonstrated its effectiveness in improving reading performance, many teachers are not familiar with effective methods of instruction for reading fluency and ways for integrating reading fluency with the overall classroom reading curriculum. This article details the three-year journey of one fourth-grade teacher to make reading fluency an integral part of her reading curriculum. Using Readers Theatre, partner reading, writer's craft passages, and a limited focus on timed readings helped her develop a fluency curriculum that students found engaging and productive. Data from three years of implementation of the fluency curriculum indicate that students have made substantial gains in various aspects of reading development. Moreover, those gains have been greater than those found in years prior to the implementation and integration of fluency instruction with the reading curriculum.

Parity-violating electroweak asymmetry in ep scattering

Abstract: We have measured the parity-violating electroweak asymmetry in the elastic scattering of polarized electrons from protons. Significant contributions to this asymmetry could arise from the contributions of strange form factors in the nucleon. The measured asymmetry is $A=\ensuremath{-}15.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.98(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.56(\mathrm{syst})\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{ppm}$ at the kinematic point $⟨{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}⟩=12.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and $⟨{Q}^{2}⟩=0.477\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{(\mathrm{GeV}∕c)}^{2}$. Based on these data as well as data on electromagnetic form factors, we extract the linear combination of strange form factors ${G}_{E}^{s}+0.392{G}_{M}^{s}=0.014\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$, where the first error arises from this experiment and the second arises from the electromagnetic form factor data. This paper provides a full description of the special experimental techniques employed for precisely measuring the small asymmetry, including the first use of a strained GaAs crystal and a laser-Compton polarimeter in a fixed target parity-violation experiment.

Trends and issues in establishing interoperability among knowledge organization systems

Abstract: This report analyzes the methodologies used in establishing interoperability among knowledge organization systems (KOS) such as controlled vocabularies and classification schemes that present the organized interpretation of knowledge structures. The development and trends of KOS are discussed with reference to the online era and the Internet era. Selected current projects and activities addressing KOS interoperability issues are reviewed in terms of the languages and structures involved. The methodological analysis encompasses both conventional and new methods that have proven to be widely accepted, including derivation/modeling, translation/adaptation, satellite and leaf node linking, direct mapping, co-occurrence mapping, switching, linking through a temporary union list, and linking through a thesaurus server protocol. Methods used in link storage and management, as well as common issues regarding mapping and methodological options, are also presented. It is concluded that interoperability of KOS is an unavoidable issue and process in today's networked environment. There have been and will be many multilingual products and services, with many involving various structured systems. Results from recent efforts are encouraging.

Divisions of Domestic Work Revising and Expanding the Theoretical Explanations

Abstract: Using a sample of 101 heterosexual, coresidential couples, the author evaluates four housework theories: gender ideology, relative resources, time availability, and doing gender Unlike some tests of these theories, the author operationalizes gender ideology as an identity, and the author tests the models on the traditionally feminine chores as well as the traditionally masculine and gender-neutral chores Using the new operationalization, the author finds that gender ideology is related to the allocation of feminine tasks but generally unrelated to the division of nonfemininechores Wives’ and husbands’time availability also helps explain the division of feminine and, to a lesser extent, gender-neutral chores Some socioeconomic resources are related to the allocation of each housework category although absolute and relative resources often have contrasting effects when controlling for both Regardless of gender ideology, time availability, or resources, however, wives do a significantly greater share of

Enhanced marine productivity off western North America during warm climate intervals of the past 52 k.y.

Abstract: Studies of the Santa Barbara Basin off the coast of California have linked changes in its bottom-water oxygen content to millennial-scale climate changes as recorded by the oxygen isotope composition of Greenland ice. Through the use of detailed records from a sediment core collected off the Magdalena Margin of Baja California, Mexico, we demonstrate that this teleconnection predominantly arose from changes in marine productivity, rather than changes in ventilation of the North Pacific, as was originally proposed.