Showing papers by "National University of Malaysia published in 1992"
TL;DR: Three dimeric alkaloids, macrocarpamine, macralstonine acetate (semisynthetic) and villastonine were found to possess significant activity against both protozoans, but were 4–8 times less potent than emetine against E. histolytica and 15–50 times more potent than chloroquine against P. falciparum.
Abstract: Nine alkaloids from Alstonia angustifolia have been assessed for antiprotozoal activities against Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Three dimeric alkaloids, macroacarpamine, macralstonine acetate (semisynthetic) and villastonine were found to possess significant activity against both protozoans, but were 4-8 times less potent than emetine against E. histolytica and 15-50 times less potent than chloroquine against P. falciparum. The monomeric alkaloids, alstonerine, alstophylline, 11-methoxyakuammicine, norfluorocurarine, pleiocarpamine and vincamajine were all considerably less active than the dimers : macralstonine base was found to be inactive
90 citations
TL;DR: The least square linear regression analysis was used for the eight cities to obtain the relationship between the monthly average daily global radiation and sunshine duration data as mentioned in this paper, which can be used for any solar energy application in Malaysia.
81 citations
TL;DR: Both deletional and nondeletional types of alpha-thalassemia-2 were seen among Malay and Chinese patients, and the --/alpha CS alpha condition appeared to be the most severe with higher Hb H values.
Abstract: We have identified the β-thalassemia mutations in 59 patients with thalassemia major and 47 patients with Hb E-β-thalassemia, and the deletional and nondeletional α-thalassemia determinants in 23 out of 24 patients with Hb H disease. All persons were attending the Haematology Clinic at the National University of Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). Most patients (76) were of Malay descent, while 52 patients were Chinese, and two came from elsewhere. The most frequently occurring β -thalassemia alleles among the Malay patients were IVS-I-5 (G→C) and G→A at codon 26 (Hb E), while a few others were present at lower frequencies. The Chinese patients carried the mutation characteristic for Chinese [mainly codons 41/42 (-TTCT) and IVS-II-654 (C→T)]; Malay mutations were not observed among Chinese and Chinese mutations were virtually absent in the Malay patients. The large group of patients with Hb E-β-thalassernia and different β-thaiassemia alleles offered the opportunity of comparing hematological data; infor...
56 citations
TL;DR: A new phenanthrene lactam, designated as velutinam (10amino-8-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxyphenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid lactam), was isolated from an extract of the bark of Goniothalamus velutinus as mentioned in this paper.
48 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Hypercortisolism was confirmed by raised salivary cortisols in only half of patients with elevated total plasma levels, thereby indicating thatsalivary cortisol measurements is a better index of adrenal status.
Abstract: The clinical applications of salivary cortisol measurements were evaluated by radioimmunoassay of time-matched saliva and plasma samples. Salivary cortisol levels of normal subjects exhibited a significant (p less than 0.001) diurnal variation with a mean (+/- SD) concentration of 8.7 +/- 4.8 nmol/L at 0800-1000 h and 2.4 +/- 1.1 nmol/l at 1500-1700 h. After an overnight dexamethasone suppression test, morning salivary cortisol levels decrease to 2.7 +/- 0.7 nmol/L (p less than 0.001 vs normal). An excellent correlation (r = 0.805) of cortisol measurements with time-matched saliva and plasma samples was obtained (y = 0.03x + 0.88, p less than 0.001, n = 91). Hypercortisolism was confirmed by raised salivary cortisols in only half of patients with elevated total plasma levels, thereby indicating that salivary cortisol measurements is a better index of adrenal status.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of palm oils of various qualities were used in order to determine free fatty acids, peroxide value, and p-anisidine value, with a correlation coefficient of r=−0.87.
Abstract: Plam oils of various qualities were used in this study. Chemical analyses included determination of free fatty acids, peroxide value andp-anisidine value. Sensory evaluations included scoring and descriptive tests. Fresh, crude palm oil of high quality with a maximum score showed a zero peroxide value, a zerop-anisidine value and a free fatty acid level of 0.2%. It had a strong, pleasant, sweet caramel-like flavor. The levels of free fatty acids were higher in samples that had been stored for a long time. Theirp-anisidine values were also higher compared to fresh oils. Flavor intensity of red palm oil did not necessarily indicate quality. Its quality was dependent on the type of flavor, pleasant or otherwise. For refined, bleached and deodorized oil, there was an inverse relationship between flavor intensity and quality with a correlation coefficient of r=−0.87. There was some correlation between overall quality rating by sensory method and quality evaluation by chemical analyses, such as free fatty acids (r=−0.69), peroxide value (r=−0.57) andp-anisidine value (r=−0.49).
36 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the concentrations and distribution of organic micro-pollutants and heavy metals within the Linggi River drainage basin in Negeri Sembilan Malaysia, which is the major source of potable water for the townships of Seremban and Port Dickson.
Abstract: The Linggi River drainage basin in Negeri Sembilan Malaysia is the major source of potable water for the townships of Seremban and Port Dickson. Water quality is threatened by industrial and commercial development taking place in the basin. This study investigated the concentrations and distribution of organic micro-pollutants and heavy metals within the catchment. Arsenic, copper, cadmium, lead, mercury and zinc were determined in water and sediment samples. All heavy metal concentrations were increased down the basin; arsenic and copper concentration in particular were elevated probably due respectively to flow in of arsenical herbicides in rubber and oil palm plantations and copper sulphate and an additive in pig food.
23 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A 1 year longitudinal study of 156 Malaysian children from urban and suburban areas in the Klang Valley revealed that the incidence rate of diarrhoea was 23.6 per 100 person-year with abnormal faeces reported on 0.26% of the total days of observation.
Abstract: A 1 year longitudinal study of 156 Malaysian children from urban and suburban areas in the Klang Valley revealed that the incidence rate of diarrhoea was 23.6 per 100 person-year with abnormal faeces reported on 0.26% of the total days of observation. Diarrhoea cases were detected in children from all socioeconomic classes. Rotavirus was isolated from 12% of the diarrheic children and asymptomatic rotavirus infection occurred in 3.2% of the children. All rotaviruses isolated were group A rotaviruses with long electrophoretypic pattern.
23 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Malays had higher incidence of malignant epithelial tumours whereas the Chinese had aHigher incidence of metastatic and germ cell tumours and there was a preponderance of mucinous tumours among the borderline variety.
Abstract: The objective of this two year retrospective study is to find out the pattern of ovarian tumours among Malaysian women. A total of 280 cases were reviewed. Of these 193 were benign, 81 were malignant and six cases belonged to borderline malignancy. In the general population, equal distribution of serous and mucinous tumours among the benign (15.4%) and malignant (4.3%) types is quite a striking feature. The teratomas were the commonest benign tumour among the Malays and Chinese. Serous cystadenomas were the commonest among the Indians. The Malays had higher incidence of malignant epithelial tumours whereas the Chinese had a higher incidence of metastatic and germ cell tumours. Endometroid tumours occurred from an earlier age of thirty years. There was a preponderance of mucinous tumours among the borderline variety.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors establish a theoretical way of finding a suitable dynamic model of a gas turbine, especially for power system stability studies, for the purpose of power grid stability analysis.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple step-by-step approach for deriving Lewis structures for students studying introductory chemistry is presented, which can be used for both introductory and advanced classes.
Abstract: A simple step-by-step approach for deriving Lewis structures for students studying introductory chemistry.
TL;DR: Serum samples from healthy adults in four geographic/ethnic groups (Ghanaian Blacks, Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians and United States Caucasians) were tested under code for antibodies to human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6).
Abstract: Serum samples from healthy adults in four geographic/ethnic groups (Ghanaian Blacks, Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians and United States Caucasians) were tested under code for antibodies to human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6). The prevalence and titer of HHV-6 antibody in the healthy Ghanaians were significantly higher than in the Malaysian Chinese; United States Caucasians and Malaysian Indians had intermediate prevalence and titer of antibodies. Thus far, no specific differences in HHV-6-associated diseases have been noted between geographic/ethnic groups with these marked variations in antibody patterns.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The facial nerve trunk, after leaving the stylomastoid foramen, was located at a depth of 1 to 2 cm from the skin in the vagino-mastoid angle and bifurcates at the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible and in 3.8% trifurcation was found.
Abstract: Fine dissection was carried out in 79 facial halves from formalin fixed Malaysian adult cadavers of various races, to trace the extracranial part of the facial nerve and its peripheral branches. The facial nerve trunk, after leaving the stylomastoid foramen was located at a depth of 1 to 2 cm from the skin in the vagino-mastoid angle. It bifurcates at the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible and in 3.8% trifurcation was found. Mean distance of bifurcation from the angle of the mandible was 28.06 mm and 81.0% were within the range of 21 to 35 mm. The branching patterns were classified into six types, and the frequency of occurrence was type I 11.39%, type II 15.9%, type III 34.18%, type IV 18.98%, type V 7.59% and type VI 12.67%. Type I, a classical text book pattern was found to be one of the least common patterns. There is no significant difference in percentage of each type between the present study and that of Koreans, though some differences with Caucasians were noted in three uncommon types. The frontal branch could be outlined between the two diverging lines from the earlobe to the lateral ends of the eyebrow and the highest frontal crease. Posterior to the facial artery, the mandibular branch was seen passing below the inferior border of the mandible in 20%; anterior to the artery, this nerve divides into one to four branches. In almost all the cases, branches to the mentalis and the depressor labii inferioris muscles and infrequently branches to the depressor angular oris were seen below the inferior border of the mandible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: In this article, a WCl6/Me4Sn catalyst system was used to meetathesise Rice Husk Ash (RHA) treated CPO (crude palm oil) and quenched at 70°C with THF and various alcohols.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined 66 patients with repaired and unrepaired cleft palates for the presence of hearing loss due to middle ear effusion and found that only eight of these patients (12.1 %) ever complained of hearing disorders or any associated symptoms and repair of the cleft palate did not influence the incidence of hearing problems.
Abstract: Summary For a complete overall rehabilitation of cleft palate patients a multi-disciplinary approach should be adopted. Plastic and Head and Neck Surgeons in whom most of the treatment are entrusted should be concerned not only at achieving palatal function and cosmetic acceptability but also the various other problems associated with cleft palate especially hearing loss. In this study, 66 patients with repaired and unrepaired cleft palates were examined for the presence of hearing loss due to middle ear effusion. The incidence of middle ear effusion was high (57.6%). It was also found that only eight of these patients (12.1 %) ever complained of hearing loss or any associated symptoms and repair of the cleft palate did not influence the incidence of middle ear effusion. As such, screening should be done in all cleft palates and otolaryngologists should therefore play an important role in the multi-disciplinary team which should comprise the paediatrician, plastic surgeon, speech therapist, orthodontist and dental specialist.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors survey the development of a Malaysian Sino-Malay spirit cult, known as Nadugong in Chinese, or Datuk Keramat in Malay, and show that Malaysian Chinese are increasingly aware of their ethnic identity vis-a-vis the Malay identity.
Abstract: This paper attempts to survey the development of a Malaysian Sino-Malay spirit cult, known as Nadugong in Chinese, or Datuk Keramat in Malay. The development of this cult shows that Malaysian Chinese are increasingly aware of their ethnic identity vis-a-vis the Malay identity, whereby local-born Chinese seek to adapt themselves to the patterns of multi-ethnic cultures while at the same time trying very hard to maintain their ethnic boundaries through the organization of their own socio-cultural institutions.The outcome of this adaptive response may be seen in what is known as localization — a multilateral acculturative rather than a unilateral assimilative process. This process renders the existing syncretized elements more complex and has served as an internal defence-mechanism against, rather than as an unconditional submission to, the on-going proselytizing ideologies of “Malay nationalism” and “Malay national-culturism” based on the parameters of Malay culture, Malay language, Islam, and Malay esthetic values.
TL;DR: The total numbers of leukocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and especially eosinophils increased significantly post-infection, but the counts were higher in the untreated infected controls, Presumably, immunosuppressive effects of testosterone may be responsible for the higher loads of A. malaysiensis worms found in male rats as compared with females in the field.
Abstract: Gonadectomized male albino rats aged 7 weeks were given 1.5 mg/kg testosterone propionate daily and inoculated with 50 third-stage larvae ofAngiostrongylus malaysiensis. The treatment significantly increased the number of larvae and adult worms recovered from the brain and pulmonary arteries, respectively, and the rats exhibited smaller thymus glands. The total numbers of leukocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and especially eosinophils increased significantly post-infection, but the counts were higher in the untreated infected controls. Presumably, immunosuppressive effects of testosterone may at least partly be responsible for the higher loads ofA. malaysiensis worms found in male rats as compared with females in the field.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results indicated the need for this hospital to take steps to improve the staffing situation and to provide an adequate number of incubators and ventilators.
Abstract: Between January 1989 to April 1990 (16 months), a prospective observational study was carried out on 329 consecutive very low birthweight (VLBW) less than or equal to 1500 grams) Malaysian neonates born in the Maternity Hospital, Kuala Lumpur before their first discharge from the hospital. The objectives of the study were to determine the common causes of early morbidity and mortality of this group of Malaysian neonates. The study shows that the incidence of Malaysian VLBW neonates was 9.9 per 1000 livebirths (95% confidence intervals 9.0 to 10.8). The mean duration of stay in the hospital was 19.3 days (SD = 21.4). One hundred and ninety-six (59.6 percent) of the VLBW neonates died. They accounted for 60 percent (196/334) of all neonatal deaths in the hospital during the study period. Mortality was significantly higher in neonates of birthweight less than 1000 grams (p less than 0.01) and of gestation of less than 33 weeks (p less than 0.001). The three most common clinical problems were respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (72.6 percent), septicemia (28.0 percent) and intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) (21.9 percent). Death occurred in 71.1 percent of the septicemic patients. The most common causative organisms of septicemia were multiresistant klebsiella (52.3 percent) and multiresistant acinetobacter (14.7 percent). RDS (33.2 percent), septicemia (29.6%) and IVH (17.9 percent) were the three most common causes of death. Improvement in the nursing staff situation and basic neonatal care facilities in this hospital and prevention of premature delivery could help to decrease morbidity and mortality in this group of neonates.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Patients on combined therapy who had suppression of H. pylori, 48 hours or 2 weeks after completing treatment were noted to have historical improvement of their gastritis and this was associated with improvement of symptoms in these patients.
Abstract: This randomised double blind placebo controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS), ampicillin and their combination in the treatment of Helicobacter Pylori in non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) and assessed if elimination of this organism is associated with improvement of gastritis and the symptoms. Forty-eight NUD patients with H. pylori and histologic gastritis were randomly allocated to one of the three regimens for 28 days. Symptoms were assessed before and after treatment. Forty-three patients completed the trial. Repeat endoscopy within 48 hours of completing treatment showed suppression of H. pylori in 6 of 7 patients (85.7%) on combined therapy and one of 8 patients (12.5%) on CBS therapy (p = 0.0205). There was no suppression of the bacteria in patients treated with ampicillin. Repeat endoscopy performed 2 weeks after completing treatment showed suppression of H. pylori in 3 of 7 patients (42.9%) on combined therapy and none in the other two groups. Patients on combined therapy who had suppression of H. pylori, 48 hours or 2 weeks after completing treatment were noted to have historical improvement of their gastritis (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.05 respectively). This was also associated with improvement of symptoms in these patients.
TL;DR: Tepanone, (2E)-1-phenyl-3-(2-hydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enone was isolated from roots and stembark of Ellipeia cuneifolia.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A renal transplant patient presented with ileal perforation due to histoplasmosis 3 years after transplantation and was successfully treated with amphotericin B followed by ketoconazole.
Abstract: A renal transplant patient presented with ileal perforation due to histoplasmosis 3 years after transplantation. Mesenteric lymph nodes and lungs were also affected by the disease. She was successfully treated with amphotericin B followed by ketoconazole.
TL;DR: Although argon laser trabeculoplasty was successful in lowering the IOP below 21 mm Hg, it produced little effect on the postural behaviour of the Iop.
Abstract: Postural behaviour of intraocular pressure (IOP) was studied in 29 glaucomatous eyes before and after argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) and compared with that of 60 normal eyes. Although argon laser trabeculoplasty was successful in lowering the IOP below 21 mm Hg, it produced little effect on the postural behaviour of the IOP. No significant change was observed in the amplitude of postural rise of IOP in ALT treated eyes.
TL;DR: The first homodetic cycloheptapeptide from a marine source, Malaysiatin (1), has been isolated from the cytotoxic and antimicrobial extracts of the marine sponge Pseudaxinyssa sp., collected in Borneo as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, six commercial shortenings were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics and baking performance of cakes and biscuits (cookies), and three of the samples were locally made shortenings supplied by three different refineries and the other three were imported shortenings obtained from supermarkets in Kuala Lumpur (D, E and F).
Abstract: Six different brands of commercial shortenings were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics and baking performance of cakes and biscuits (cookies). Three of the samples were locally made shortenings supplied by three different refineries (coded A, B and C), and the other three samples were imported shortenings obtained from supermarkets in Kuala Lumpur (D, E and F). Analyses and evaluations included slip melting point, solid fat content, fatty acid composition, triglyceride composition, creaming power and baking performance. All of the shortenings had slip melting points above 40°C. Sample A had the highest solid fat content at all temperatures. However, in terms of baking performance in cakes, sample C gave the highest volume, followed closely by samples B and A. Results indicated that the cakes were significantly different (P < 0.05) in terms of grain size and eating quality. Sensory evaluation on biscuits indicated that samples made with shortening D were preferred by a majority of the sensory panel, followed by those made with shortening C. The third, in order of panel preference, was biscuits made with shortening E.
TL;DR: The incidence of antibody to exotoxin was highest in the age groups ranging from 26 to 32 years, where the positive rates were higher than 40% and 30% for military personnel serving in Sarawak and Sabah, respectively.
Abstract: Sera from 420 military personnel serving in Sabah and Sarawk, Malaysia, were tested for antibodies to Pseudomonas pseudomallei exotoxin and whole cell antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure (ELISA). Data showed that 54.4% of serum samples were positive for antibodies to P. pseudomallei exotoxin and 65.7% were positive for antibodies to the whole cell antigens. Samples gave much lower titers for anti-exotoxin antibodies compared to titers against crude whole cell antigens. The incidence of antibody to exotoxin was highest in the age groups ranging from 26 to 32 years, where the positive rates were higher than 40% and 30% for military personnel serving in Sarawak and Sabah, respectively.
TL;DR: There was a significant association of short-pattern electrop herotypes with infection in older children and the prevalence of vomiting and mean duration of diarrhoea were significantly associated with different electropherotypes.
Abstract: A 12-month study was carried out on the molecular epidemiology of rotavirus in urban and suburban Malaysian children. Analysis of faecal samples from 973 hospitalized diarrhoeic children by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis detected 268 rotaviruses (28%). All isolates were group A rotaviruses, which produced 22 electropherotypes: 16 (91.5%) with long RNA migration patterns and 6 (8.5%) with short patterns. One of the long-pattern electropherotypes was the predominant strain (71.1% of the total electropherotypes) isolated during this study. Although 3 other strains were detected sporadically over the study period, 16 others were present only during the first 7 months and 2 others were confined to the last 5 months. Long- and short-pattern electropherotypes were found to co-circulate extensively. There was a significant association of short-pattern electropherotypes with infection in older children. In addition, the prevalence of vomiting and mean duration of diarrhoea were significantly associated with di...
TL;DR: The prevalence of malnutrition in the last two decades, the possible contributing factors and recommendations are reported, and an average energy intake below the recommended daily intake for Malaysia in most age groups is revealed.
Abstract: In a rapidly developing country like Malaysia problems related to nutrition present themselves with contrasting features. While health indicators such as the toddler mortality rate, incidence of low birth weight and food balance sheet data suggest an improving nutritional situation, direct nutrition assessment indicates that chronic protein energy malnutrition is still common amongst children in rural areas and urban slums. Initial surveys of the adult urban population indicate about 10% prevalence of chronic energy deficiency in both sexes. Food consumption data revealed an average energy intake below the recommended daily intake for Malaysia in most age groups. Although death due to malnutrition is rare in Malaysia, it is known to cause considerable ill-health, impaired mental performance in children, loss of productivity in adults and an overall decline in quality of life. This paper reports the prevalence of malnutrition in the last two decades, the possible contributing factors and recommendations fo...
TL;DR: To reduce the incidence of perinatal asphyxia, the common causes of small-for-gestation neonates and the common types of intrapartum problems should be identified to enable appropriate preventive measures to be carried out.
Abstract: A 2-month prospective study was carried out in a Kuala Lumpur maternity hospital to determine the antenatal and intrapartum factors associated with perinatal asphyxia in the Malaysian neonates. The incidence of perinatal asphyxia was 18.7 per 1000 livebirths. Of the 75 asphyxiated neonates born during this period, 70 (93.3 per cent) were of term or post-term gestation. The incidence of perinatal asphyxia was more common in the neonates with one of the following characteristics: low birth weight (< 2500 g), breech delivery, or delivery by instrumentation or lower segment Caesarean section (P < 0.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis of the asphyxiated and the control neonates in a nested case-control study (after controlling for sex, race, birth weight, modes of delivery, and maternal gravida) showed that there were two associated factors which were of statistical significance. These were: small-for-gestation neonates and the presence of intrapartum problems. Our study suggests that to reduce the incidence of perinatal asphyxia, the common causes of small-for-gestation neonates and the common types of intrapartum problems should be identified to enable appropriate preventive measures to be carried out.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of nasal septal deformity in the different types of delivery or with increasing degree of difficulty of the delivery, and a policy of routine screening in view of early correction is advocated.
Abstract: The prevalence of nasal septal deformity and its relationship with the different types and difficulty of delivery were studied in a randomised group of newborns at the Maternity Hospital Kuala Lumpur between 1st November 1989 to 31st January 1990. Out of a total of 674 noses examined using the otoscope, 147 (21.8%) were found to have nasal septal deformity. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of nasal septal deformity in the different types of delivery. There was also no significant increase in the prevalence of nasal septal deformity with increasing degree of difficulty of the delivery. Therefore, we cannot then attribute parturition pressures or birth trauma as the etiology of these congenital nasal septal deformity. Nevertheless a policy of routine screening in view of early correction is advocated to decrease the morbidity associated with this deformity in newborns and children.
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The results point towards a possible therapeutic role for tocotrienol and other antioxidant vitamins in atherosclerosis, as well as no significant differences in the lipid profiles between the treatment groups.
Abstract: The important role played by free radicals in atherogenesis has stimulated interest in the effects of antioxidant vitamins on lipid peroxidation, platelet function and atherosclerosis. Palmvitee contains tocotrienol-rich Vitamin E (TVE) made up of 30% tocopherol and 70% tocotrienol, a strong antioxidant but not as well investigated as tocopherol. Patients with intermittent claudication were divided into 3 treatment groups (given either 300mg TVE, 300mg aspirin or placebo, daily for 12 weeks) in this randomised controlled clinical trial. Lipid peroxidation, measured as serum malondialdehyde, decreased by 8.2% in the TVE group compared to 2.32% and 4.32% in the placebo and aspirin groups respectively. A decrease in platelet aggregability was seen in the TVE and aspirin groups only. There were no significant differences in the lipid profiles between the treatment groups. At twelve weeks all the patients taking TVE had an improved treadmill walking distance, and the mean improvement of 46 % was significantly greater than the 21.7% and 24.4% improvement seen in the other two groups. These results point towards a possible therapeutic role for tocotrienol and other antioxidant vitamins in atherosclerosis. More clinical trials using pure tocotrienols are needed to confirm its mode of action and efficacy.