Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1982"
TL;DR: A more holistic, meaning centered, tradition has developed in European writings as mentioned in this paper and during the past twenty years this second tradition has become of much greater interest to American researchers in the social sciences.
Abstract: 1 remendous progress has been made in the developtnent of scientific approaches to the study of human communication during the twentieth century. While research during this time has been dominated by positivistic, natural science modeled concepts and methods, a more holistic, meaning centered, tradition has developed in European writings. During the past twenty years this second tradition has become of much greater interest to American researchers in the social sciences. The foundations for this second tradition, referred to generically as the interpretive paradigm, are ancient. Its roots lie with the sophists; its development as the hidden side of the western tradition emerged with clarity in the writings of Vico, and its recollection as the foundation for the human sciences by Dilthey. The development of the interpretive paradigm in the social sciences in the twentieth century has continued through the writings in philosophical hermeneutics and the sociological work spawned by Weber.' Discussions of the interpretive paradigm are present in nearly every discipline's literature^ and are available in several excellent collections.' Both communication\" and organizational^ theorists have shown great interest.
189 citations
TL;DR: This article found that white-collar crime has increased in seriousness more than any other crime category, but that it is still viewed as less serious than most other forms of illegality, while attitudinal changes have been particularly apparent toward two types, Violent and Corporate Price Fixing.
Abstract: Social commentators have often observed that the public is indifferent to white-collar criminality. However, the growing attention that white-collar crime has received in recent years raises the possibility of changes in the public's perceptions of such violations. By replicating Rossi et al.'s survey in 1972 of the seriousness of 140 offenses, the present research presents data indicating that white-collar crime has increased in seriousness more than any other offense category, but that it is still viewed as less serious than most other forms of illegality. When different types of white-collar crime were analyzed, we found considerable variation in ratings, with high a degree of seriousness attributed to offenses involving physical harm. Further, while all categories of white-collar criminality increased in seriousness, attitudinal changes have been particularly apparent toward two types, Violent and Corporate Price-Fixing.
178 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that burnout represented some potential health risks for stressed teachers.
Abstract: Teachers in correctional schools are exposed to stress because of the general demands of teaching and the peculiar constraints of correctional education. This study is an attempt to discover whether stressed teachers differ from nonstressed teachers in their work-related characteristics and in their pattern of somatic complaints and illnesses. A total of 17% of the teachers in this study were classified as burned out. It was concluded that burnout represented some potential health risks for stressed teachers.
132 citations
108 citations
TL;DR: Myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle strips from guinea pig small intestine were labeled with [3H]choline while under continuous field stimulation and tetrodotoxin, a synthetic antagonist of substance P, completely blocked this release and provided evidence for a cholinergically mediated mechanism of Substance P on enteric neurons.
106 citations
TL;DR: Odontometrics and dental and cranial nonmetric traits indicate that modern Blacks are intermediate between the ancestral slaves and modern Whites but more similar to the latter, suggesting effects of environmental covariance exceed those of genetic admixture.
Abstract: A unique seventeenth-nineteenth century slave cemetery population from Newton plantation, Barbados, allows examination of craniodental characters in relation to ethnohistorical data. Age-at-death estimates suggest life expectancy at birth of 29 years and low infant mortality; historical demography, however, suggests life expectancy of 20 years and very high infant mortality. Tooth decay, bilateral tooth loss, periodontal disease, root hypercementosis, and severe enamel hypoplasia are high in frequency. The teeth yield evidence of such cultural practices as pipe-smoking and incisor mutilation. Several skeletal features reflect periodic near-starvation. Directional and fluctuating dental asymmetry, relative tooth size, and hypoplasia distribution suggest slaves experienced considerable weaning trauma; metabolic stress at this time exceeded that of prenatal and immediate postnatal periods. Odontometrics and dental and cranial nonmetric traits indicate that modern Blacks are intermediate between the ancestral slaves and modern Whites but more similar to the latter, suggesting effects of environmental covariance exceed those of genetic admixture. Nonmetric trait distributions show nonrandom patterns according to area of burial in the cemetery, a possible result of family segregation.
99 citations
TL;DR: A collection of 21 preserved tubers of the potato from 4 archaeological sites situated in the Casma Valley of Peru is illustrated and described in this article, where the potato remains were identified through a stud) of their starch grains.
Abstract: A collection of 21 preserved tubers of the potato from 4 archaeological sites situated in the Casma Valley of Peru is illustrated and described. The collections from these sites date from the Preceramic Period (2000 B.C.) to the Initial Ceramic Period (1200 B.C.). Identification of the tuber remains was undertaken through a stud) of their starch grains. Comparative material used for this purpose included other archaeological collections of tuber remains from the sites of Chilca and Pachacamac, as well as the fresh and dried tubers of modern-day wild and cultivated potato species.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a laboratory study was conducted using a 2 (facilitating versus inhibiting task settings) x 3 (low versus moderate versus high goal levels) experimental design, which supported the constraint x goal difficulty interaction prediction using a measure of self-set personal goals.
75 citations
TL;DR: This study estimated the relationship between teachers' somatic complaints and illnesses and their self-reported job-related stresses and found burnout seemed to represent a potential health risk to these teachers.
Abstract: This study was designed to estimate the relationship between teachers' somatic complaints and illnesses and their self-reported job-related stresses. 79% of the secondary Catholic school teachers i...
72 citations
TL;DR: Rhodopsin in bovine photoreceptor disk membranes was subjected to limited proteolysis by thermolysin, removing twelve amino acids from rhodopsIn's carboxyl terminus, which may allow r Rhodopsin to mediate its signal as a light-receptor protein by binding to and activating certain rod cell enzymes.
61 citations
TL;DR: The life history of the burrower bug Sehirus cinctus cinctu (Palisot de Beauvois) was studied in Illinois, and the immature stages were described, and nymphs and adults fed on seeds of L. purpureum.
Abstract: The life history of the burrower bug Sehirus cinctus cinctus (Palisot de Beauvois) was studied in Illinois, and the immature stages were described. The bug was also reared from egg to adult under laboratory conditions, and precopulatory behavior, and maternal care of eggs and young instars, were observed. The female occasionally provided her 1st instars with the seeds.
Adults of this univoltine subspecies overwinter in soil associated with their mint host plant, Lamium purpureum Linn. They become active in early April and reproduce shortly thereafter. The female lays her eggs in a loose cluster in a chamber in the soil and guards them during incubation. The 1st instars are highly gregarious and often cluster around and on the female. Older nymphs are also gregarious but decreasingly so as they mature, and usually leave the chamber during the second stadium. Nymphs and adults fed on seeds of L. purpureum.
On seeds of L. purpureum, and at 23.9 ± 1.1°C and 16L:8D, total developmental time averaged 53.21 days. The incubation period averaged 10.21 days. Durations of the five nymphal stadia averaged 5.29, 6.26, 6.53, 9.70, and 15.22 days, respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that when degeneracy is present in an optimal basic solution to a linear programming problem, the optimal values of the dual variables do not necessarily correspond to shadow prices.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that when degeneracy is present in an optimal basic solution to a linear programming problem, the optimal values of the dual variables do not necessarily correspond to shadow prices. In such instances, major commercial L.P. packages (such as IBM's MPS and MPSX) may provide misleading information about the shadow prices. It will be shown how the actual values of the shadow prices may be determined, and the nature of the relationship between shadow prices and dual variables will be discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the existence of a moderating effect for situational control of performance variance on the relationship between individual differences and performance, and found that the effect of individual differences on performance was significant.
Abstract: The present study investigated the existence of a moderating effect for situational control of performance variance on the relationship between individual differences and performance. An experimental simulation was conducted and validity coefficients were calculated. Results supported the presence of the predicted moderating effect. The implications of these data for validation research and testing programs are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical model of seed dispersal by wind was presented which integrates the effects of wind speeds and directions during seed season, height of seed release, seed terminal velocities and effects of the wind speed/atmospheric humidity on seed release rates.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the correlates of career salience for members of dual-career families and developed a psychological model, which comprised general and situation-specific self-esteem, job involvement, sense of competence, educational level, and whether or not families had planned for a dual career family life.
TL;DR: Comparisons of torsional strength are made on the ulnae from the forelegs of short haired hounds where a nonvascularized graft was performed on one leg and a vascularized graft performed on the other.
TL;DR: In this article, the bias caused by nonlinear drift in the experimental semivariogram over its entire range is investigated and the bias is determined by the extent and density of the sampling as well as the drift function itself.
Abstract: When nonlinear drift is present, the nature of the bias in the experimental semivariogram estimator of the semivariogram function is determined by the extent and density of the sampling as well as by the drift function itself. The bias caused by drift may affect the interpretation of the experimental semivariogram over its entire range.
TL;DR: Whether two aspects of humor (use and appreciation) help moderate the effects of life stress and whether a relarionshlp does exist between humor and stress is determined.
Abstract: Dixon (3) proposed that humor is a significant factor in helping one cope with stress. Various case reports also suggested that humor can help one deal with stress. Norman Cousins (5) claimed he survived a near fatal illness by checking out of a hospital and into a hotel where he viewed comedy films day after day. Although humor seems to have potential to help one put stressful situations into a less threatening perspective for the moment, it is an indirecf method of coping and by itself may not be effective in moderating the effects of siress over time. The present smdy determined whether two aspects of humor (use and appreciation) help moderate the effects of life stress. Subjects were 82 male and 79 female undergraduates from introductory psychology who were administered several measures: Sarason's Life Events Survey (4) which assesses the degree of life stress experienced during the past year. Angell's (1) Humor Use Inventory indicates how frequently and how funny a person tries to be in various sltuatlons. Subjects rated the degree of funniness (1 = not at all to 4 = very funny) of five categories of jokes: nonsense, sick, ridicule, hostile, and sexual (humor appreciation). Two examples of each category were rated and a toral score was the sum of all ratings. Two measures of psychological distress, Beck's Depression Inventory (2) and Spielberger's (6) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, were administered. Pearson correlations indicated stress was significantly correlated with depression (males' r = 35; females' r = 22, p < .05), trait (males' r = .29; females' T = .22, p < .05) and wlth state anxiety (males' r = .28; females' r = .24, p < .05). To determine whether humor moderated the influence of stress, multiple regression was applied in an hypothesis-testing format (ex. Depression = Stress + Humor Use + interaction). A separate analysis was performed for humor use and stress and for humor appreciation and stress for each of the outcome measures, but none of the regression coefficients associated with the interaction terms was significant. Addition of the humor variables did not significantly improve predictive ability beyond that provided by life events alone. Humor appreciation was correlated with Life Events (.30, P < .01) and with scores on the Beck Depression Scale (.24, p < .05) for females but not males. This indicates some tendency for females to see the humorous side of things as stress and psychological distress increase. The over-all results indicate humor, at least by itself, does not moderate the effects of life stress. Perhaps humor may be effective in coping with some simations. As the present study focused on l~fe stress in general, no significant results were found. If a relarionshlp does exist between humor and stress, it certainly is more complex than Dixon (3) suggested. REFERENCES
TL;DR: Dental mutilation on slave burials excavated from a sugar plantation cemetery on the Caribbean island of Barbados reflects on the question of African slaves and their New World born slave descendants perpetuating this widespread African practice in the New World.
TL;DR: A literature review and a research proposal concerning the managerial aspects of this phenomenon of multi-institutional arrangements in the health care industry are provided.
Abstract: Multi-institutional arrangements in the health care industry have grown rapidly over the past 10 years. This paper provides a literature review and a research proposal concerning the managerial aspects of this phenomenon.
TL;DR: McClosky's classic study of party leaders and followers is replicated and extended using 1980 data on party elites, party followers, and the mass public as discussed by the authors, and dramatic interparty differences emerge in terms of liberalism-conservatism and views on public policy issues.
Abstract: McClosky's classic study of party leaders and followers is replicated and extended using 1980 data on party elites, party followers, and the mass public. Dramatic interparty differences emerge in terms of liberalism-conservatism and views on public policy issues. As in the McClosky study, party elites tend to take relatively extreme issue positions, while the mass public continues to occupy a centrist position.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce synchronized "morphogenetic incentives" to facilitate complex "morphogenic joint ventures" involving heterogeneous industries, where management/labor relations may emphasize mutually beneficial combinations of individual differences among workers instead of majority rule or consensus.
Abstract: In some areas, the ecosystem is enriched by industrial activities and byproducts, such as strip mining and heated water discharge. Management/labor relations may emphasize mutually beneficial combinations of individual differences among workers instead of majority rule or consensus. Causal loop leverage points to remedy the mutual amplification of goallessness among business, government, and the consumer are identified. New concepts are introduced: synchronized “morphogenetic incentives” to facilitate complex “morphogenetic joint ventures” involving heterogeneous industries.
TL;DR: Data obtained through 18, 5-minute observations of nine depressed and nine nondepressed institutionalized mentally retarded adults revealed five patterns of verbal interaction including other individuals were more likely to request action from depressed individuals than to make declarative statements.
TL;DR: Assessment of archaeological deposits at a prehistoric site in southern Illinois suggests that many, if not all, uncarbonized seeds from open-air sites in mesic regions represent more recent, nonculturally deposited contaminants.
TL;DR: The cervical dental measurements proved to be better sorters of human groups than the traditional maximum dental measurements for univariate, but not for multivariate, analyses, suggesting osteologists can increase sample sizes of teeth by collecting cervical data when utilizing univariate techniques.
Abstract: Cranial and dental measurements were taken on 100 skulls, consisting of 20 specimens each, representing five different human populations. In addition to traditional cranial and dental measurements, sets of nonstandard basicranial and cervical dental measurements were collected. The data were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses to determine what kinds of data best sort human populations. Both univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that traditional and nontraditional cranial measurements separate major human groups better than do dental measurements, with traditional cranial measurements providing the best sorting criteria. The cervical dental measurements proved to be better sorters of human groups than the traditional maximum dental measurements for univariate, but not for multivariate, analyses. Thus, when utilizing univariate techniques, osteologists can increase sample sizes of teeth by collecting cervical data.
TL;DR: In this article, the α-d configuration of d-glycals with trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of a catalytic amount of a Lewis acid was shown to give 2,3-dideoxy-dhex-2-enopyranosyl cyanides.
01 Dec 1982
TL;DR: Electromyographic levels in the muscle groups associated with each area were determined for both categories of postures, indicating that the Behavioral Relaxation Scale is a valid behavioral measure of relaxation and shows that direct training in emitting relaxed postures is an effective means of achieving relaxation.
Abstract: Six male volunteers assumed either “relaxed” or “unrelaxed” postures, as defined by a Behavioral Relaxation Scale, in seven areas of the body. Electromyographic (EMG) levels in the muscle groups associated with each area were determined for both categories of postures. In all instances, the “relaxed” postures produced significantly lower EMG levels than the “unrelaxed” postures. This indicates that the Behavioral Relaxation Scale is a valid behavioral measure of relaxation. Also, it supports other studies which have shown that direct training in emitting relaxed postures is an effective means of achieving relaxation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the transferability and applicability of selected measures of individual differences, job, and organizational climate factors across two cultures and found that the job and climate measures were more reliable and were related more consistently to the criterion measures than the individual difference measures both within and across cultures.
Abstract: This study examines the transferability and applicability of selected measures of individual differences, job, and organizational climate factors across two cultures. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 267 white-collar bank employees in the U.S. and 307 bank employees in India. The individual difference dimensions examined were four manifest needs, sense of competence, and locus of control. The job factors included variety, autonomy, identity, and feedback. The organizational climate factors related to communication, stress, participation in decision making, and self-esteem from the workplace. The data were analyzed for internal consistency, dimensionality, and criterion-related validity. The results showed that the job and organizational climate measures were more reliable and were related more consistently to the criterion measures than the individual difference measures both within and across cultures. The results suggested that psychometrically sound measures may be transferable to other cultures.
TL;DR: In this article, Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to the sleep problem checklist data of 81 children seen in a clinical setting and four groups of children were identified - those with moderate, immature, severe, and few or no sleep problems.
Abstract: This study addressed the general issue of similarities and differences in childhood sleep disturbances. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to the sleep problem checklist data of 81 children seen in a clinical setting. In a series of analyses, four groups of children were identified — those with moderate, immature, severe, and few or no sleep problems. The moderate sleep problem group appears to involve children who are afraid to sleep. The immature problem group involves children who “magically”; attempt to protect themselves at bedtime and/or manipulate parents regarding bedtime issues. The severe sleep problem group includes children with severe distress and anxiety which “breaks through”; during sleep. These “statistical”; results are illustrated with clinical impressions from a variety of cases. Age and sex effects accounted for very little of the variance in sleep problems. Suggestions for future work on the cluster types are offered.
TL;DR: A social competence program for high risk children is described and evaluated in this article, which used interpersonal problem-solving techniques to work with 32 maladapting first through third graders who were seen on a small group basis.