Showing papers by "Stony Brook University published in 1976"
TL;DR: In this paper, an action containing only vierbein and Rarita-Schwinger fields is presented together with supersymmetry transformations for these fields, and the action is explicitly shown to be invariant.
Abstract: As a new approach to supergravity, an action containing only vierbein and Rarita-Schwinger fields (${V}_{a\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$) is presented together with supersymmetry transformations for these fields. The action is explicitly shown to be invariant except for a ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{5}$ term in its variation. This term may also vanish, depending on a complicated calculation. (Added note: This term has now been shown to vanish by a computer calculation, so that the action presented here does possess full local supersymmetry.)
809 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic synthesis of the rather large body of research on college students' views on teaching and their assessment of the effectiveness of various attitudes, behaviors, and pedagogical practices of instructors is presented.
Abstract: This analysis attempts a systematic synthesis of the rather large body of research on college students' views on teaching and their assessment of the effectiveness of various attitudes, behaviors, and pedagogical practices of instructors. Across studies, the following characteristics are consistently associated with superior college teachers or teaching (as determined in a variety of ways): stimulation of interest; clarity and understandableness; knowledge of subject matter; preparation for, and organization of, the course; and enthusiasm for the subject matter and for teaching. Friendliness (concern and respect for students), helpfulness (availability), and openness to others' opinions (encouragement of class questions and discussion) are characteristics that students say they prefer in teachers (especially when they freely describe their ideal or best teacher and the characteristics they see as important to good teaching). However, a teacher's standing on these characteristics appears not to be particularly important to students' global assessment of their actual teachers on teacher-evaluation questionnaires. Finally, relative to other characteristics, certain regulative activities of the instructor are typically and consistently lower in importance for superior teaching, at least by the several indicators used in the studies under review. The analysis concludes with interpretations and cautions.
391 citations
TL;DR: Interestingly, introduction to numerical classification that you really wait for now is coming, it's significant to wait for the representative and beneficial books to read.
Abstract: Interestingly, introduction to numerical classification that you really wait for now is coming. It's significant to wait for the representative and beneficial books to read. Every book that is provided in better way and utterance will be expected by many peoples. Even you are a good reader or not, feeling to read this book will always appear when you find it. But, when you feel hard to find it as yours, what to do? Borrow to your friends and don't know when to give back it to her or him.
336 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce a framework borrowed from economics within which choices between different commodities may be studied in a consistent manner, using economic concepts of budget lines, indifference curves, and substitutability, two series of experiments are conducted involving rats' choices between two different commodities.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter introduces a framework borrowed from economics within which choices between different commodities may be studied in a consistent manner. This framework is “demand theory” and the particular concept within demand theory that most directly applies to studies of choice is that of “substitutability.” The relationship between psychology and economic demand theory is explored. The chapter explores that demand theory is not so much a psychological theory as it is a definition of psychological utility. It specifies an internal mechanism or can be proven true or false. Using economic concepts of budget lines, indifference curves, and substitutability, two series of experiments are conducted involving rats' choices between two different commodities. Consumption of the commodities changed as changes are introduced into the budget set-the rats consumed more of the lower priced commodity and less of the higher priced commodity. Through computer simulation, the maximization of overall rate of reinforcement results in matching of relative rate of responding to relative rate of reinforcement.
304 citations
TL;DR: It has been found that close relations between the meanings of words help people to recognize and pronounce the words faster, especially when the words are hard to see because of visual distortions.
Abstract: Although people experience little difficulty in recognizing printed words and comprehending sentences, they cannot do it instantaneously. Experimental psychologists have recently measured the speed of these mental processes by applying a reaction-time method. The method provides new data concerning the organization and retrieval of familiar semantic information in human memory. It has been found that close relations between the meanings of words help people to recognize and pronounce the words faster, especially when the words are hard to see because of visual distortions. Close relations between word meanings also facilitate the comprehension of some sentences, as indicated by how long a person takes to decide whether the sentences are true or false. The facilitation is not universal, however. When the relation between the meanings of two words must be analyzed carefully, their proximity may actually inhibit mental processing. These results, along with additional findings, support the hypothesis that human memory includes a semantic network that represents various categories of objects at distinct locations linked to specify their relations with each other. The memory structure probably influences a number of different mental processes that use it. One possible access route to the network is through a set of detectors designed to accumulate sensory information and signal the presence of particular words. There also appear to be processes for searching and comparing pieces of knowledge after a person finds the memory locations of designated categories. Further research using the reaction-time method may provide a more detailed inventory of what facts are retrieved directly from memory and what are computed from other stored information (36).
285 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the sensitivity of the earth's surface temperature to factors which can induce long-term climate change, such as a variation in solar constant, is estimated by employing two readily observable climate changes.
Abstract: The sensitivity of the earth's surface temperature to factors which can induce long-term climate change, such as a variation in solar constant, is estimated by employing two readily observable climate changes. One is the latitudinal change in annual mean climate, for which an interpretation of climatological data suggests that cloud amount is not a significant climate feedback mechanism, irrespective of how cloud amount might depend upon surface temperature, since there are compensating changes in both the solar and infrared optical properties of the atmosphere. It is further indicated that all other atmospheric feedback mechanisms, resulting, for example, from temperature-induced changes in water vapor amount, cloud altitude and lapse rate, collectively double the sensitivity of global surface temperature to a change in solar constant. The same conclusion is reached by considering a second type of climate change, that associated with seasonal variations for a given latitude zone. The seasonal in...
283 citations
TL;DR: This work tested certain versions of the selective-access hypothesis about the recognition of ambiguous words by having students decide whether selected strings of letters were English words, and found that the reaction time for the third word was not reliably different from a control sequence with unrelated words.
Abstract: Some alternative hypotheses about the recognition of ambiguous words are considered. According to the selective-access hypothesis, prior semantic context biases people to access one meaning of an ambiguous word rather than another in lexical memory during recognition. In contrast, the nonselectiveaccess hypothesis states that all meanings of the word are accessed regardless of the context. We tested certain versions of these hypotheses by having students decide whether selected strings of letters were English words. The stimuli included test sequnces of three words in which the second word had two distinct possible meanings, whereas the first and third words were related to these meanings in various ways. When the first and third words were related to the same meaning of the ambiguous second word (e.g., SAVE-BANK-MONEY), the reaction time to recognize the third word decreased. But when the first and third words were related to different meanings of the second word (e.g., RIVER-BANK-MONEY), the reaction time for the third word was not reliably different from a control sequence with unrelated words. These and other data favor the selective-access hypothesis. Selective access to lexical memory is discussed in relation to models of word recognition.
255 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that college students' anticipated or actual grades in class are positively related to their evaluation of their courses and teachers, and that the size of the association is small but not unimportant.
Abstract: From a review of existing research, it is concluded that college students' anticipated or actual grades in class are positively related to their evaluation of their courses and teachers. In general, the size of the association is small but not unimportant. A student's overall grade-point average appears to have little or no relationship to teacher or course evaluation, although limited evidence shows that a discrepancy between a student's grade-point average and his or her grade in a class is related to evaluations. Also, teacher- or course-induced interest in the subject is positively associated with evaluation, as are students' perceptions of the amount they have learned in a class and their performance on “objective” or standardized tests of achievement. Although it is thus possible that either these or other motivational and learning variables may account for the relationship between grades and evaluation, there is no evidence one way or the other that this indeed is the case. In all, currently available evidence cannot be taken as definitely establishing a bias in teacher evaluation due to the grades students receive or expect to receive in their courses, but neither is it presently possible to rule out such bias.
219 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new theory of supergravity is constructed which is invariant under complex local supersymmetry transformations, obtained by coupling the massless spin- (3/2,1) multiplet of ordinary global supergravity to the spin- 2,3,2 gauge multiplet.
Abstract: A new theory of supergravity is constructed which is invariant under complex local supersymmetry transformations. This theory is obtained by coupling the massless spin- (3/2,1) multiplet of ordinary global supersymmetry to the spin- (2,3/2) gauge multiplet of previous supergravity. (AIP)
213 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the wave function of two such clusters must be symmetric under their interchange, and a careful study of the relative motion of the clusters showed that this symmetry condition implies the usual connection between spin and statistics.
Abstract: An object composed of a spinless electrically charged particle and a spinless magnetically charged particle may bear net half-integer spin, but the wave function of two such clusters must be symmetric under their interchange. Nevertheless, a careful study of the relative motion of the clusters shows that this symmetry condition implies the usual connection between spin and statistics.
TL;DR: In this paper, the positions and transition strengths of the giant multipole resonances of the spherical nuclei (16 O, 40 Ca, 90 Zr and 208 Pb) are calculated with large configuration spaces in the random phase approximation based on the Hartree-Fock ground states of a newly developed Skyrme interaction.
TL;DR: Twenty-five freshly extracted teeth were mechanically instrumented three sizes beyond the criterion of the appearance of clean, white filings and showed many irregularities as well as tissue left in the root canal system.
TL;DR: In this paper, the commutator algebra of the recently proposed supergravity theory is elucidated and several equivalent forms of the spin-3/2 field equations are derived for this purpose.
Abstract: The commutator algebra of the recently proposed supergravity theory is elucidated. Several equivalent forms of the spin-3/2 field equations are derived for this purpose. It is also argued that this new theory is unique.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the four-particle $S$ matrix of pure supergravity and the theory of extended supergravity with O(2) internal symmetry is one-loop finite.
Abstract: It is shown that the four-particle $S$ matrix of pure supergravity and of the recently constructed theory of extended supergravity with O(2) internal symmetry is one-loop finite. An explicit calculation of photon-photon scattering confirms this latter result.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the stresses produced in a solid by cavitation generated in distilled water by 10, 20, and 30 kHz vibrations using a transducer technique and attributed the measured stress pulses to the concerted collapse of the whole cloud of bubbles created by the pressure changes in the water rather than to the independent effects of individual bubbles.
Abstract: The stresses produced in a solid by cavitation generated in distilled water by 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐kHz vibrations have been determined by a transducer technique. The measured stress pulses are attributed to the concerted collapse of the whole cloud of bubbles created by the pressure changes in the water rather than to the independent effects of individual bubbles. The magnitude and duration of the stress pulses are characteristic of those of a shock wave and can be related directly to the degree and mode of damage which they produce in a solid.
TL;DR: It is suggested that behavior therapists have not attended sufficiently to the factors influencing the desire of some homosexuals to change their sexual orientation and it is proposed that therapy to help homosexuals change and concentrate instead on improving the quality of their interpersonal relationships.
Abstract: It is suggested that behavior therapists have not attended sufficiently to the factors influencing the desire of some homosexuals to change their sexual orientation. Therapists of all persuasions constantly make decisions for their voluntary clients, encompassing both the goals of therapy and the means to be used to achieve those goals. A perusal of the psychotherapy and behavior therapy literature indicates that therapists generally regard homosexuality as undesirable, if not pathological. Since professionals are unlikely to work on treatment procedures unless they see a problem, it is probable that the very existence of change-of-orientation programs strengthens societal prejudices against homosexuality and contributes to the self-hate and embarrassment that are determinants of the "voluntary" desire by some homosexuals to become heterosexual. It is therefore proposed that we stop offering therapy to help homosexuals change and concentrate instead on improving the quality of their interpersonal relationships. Alternatively, more energy could be devoted to sexual enhancement procedures in general, regardless of the adult gender mix.
TL;DR: Findings suggest a model of cartilage matrix degradation by PMN neutral proteases in which local protease-antiprotease imbalance, coupled with different rates of penetration of protease and antiprotease into target tissue, plays a key role in accounting for matrix damage.
Abstract: The present work was undertaken to explore the effect of two purified neutral proteases derived from human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) on articular cartilage as a model of joint injury. Human leukocyte elastase and chymotrypsin-like enzyme, purified by affinity chromatography, released 32SO4 from labeled rabbit articular cartilage slices in vitro. Release of isotope was initially delayed, suggesting that either a lag in enzyme penetration occurs or that size of degradation fragments is a limiting factor in diffusion of label out of the tissue. The release of 35SO4 was inhibited by preincubation of elastase and chymotrypsin-like enzyme with human alpha 1-anti-trypsin, or with their specific chloromethyl ketone inactivators, and the action of elastase was also inhibited by a monospecific antiserum to PMN elastase, freed of major serum proteinase inhibitors. Immunohistochemical staining procedures revealed the presence of PMN elastase inside the matrix of cartilage slices after a 20-min exposure of tissue to either the pure enzyme or crude PMN granule extract. Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin failed to penetrate into the cartilage slices under identical in vitro conditions. In association with the results reported in the accompanying paper, these findings suggest a model of cartilage matrix degradation by PMN neutral proteases in which local protease-antiprotease imbalance, coupled with different rates of penetration of protease and antiprotease into target tissue, plays a key role in accounting for matrix damage.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the finite element method and the constitutive relations of a layer of wet quartzite embedded in a marble matrix with an initially sinusoidal configuration and a 10° limb dip.
TL;DR: The research design described here utilizes a sample of males behaving in the way these atypical adults recall from their boyhoods plus a contrast sample whose behavior is like that recalled by most sexually typical adult males.
Abstract: A longitudinal research project on atypical and typical psychosexual development in male children has been ongoing for 7 years During this period, 60 boys, referred in consequence of extensive cross-gender behavior, and these boys' parents have been evaluated Fifty of the families have been demographically matched with families in which the boy shows typical gender-role behavior The rationale behind the study rests on the retrospectively recalled childhood behaviors of adult males with an atypical sexual identity The majority of transsexuals, transvestites, and homosexually-oriented adult males recall their childhood as characterized by a preference for the clothes, toys, games, and companionship of girls and, in the case of transsexuals, the wish to be a girl (Benjamin, 1966; Stoller, 1968; Green and Money, 1969; Saghir and Robins, 1973; Green, 1974; Prince and Bentler, 1972) None of these studies was prospective, raising the question of validity of the recalled data The research design described here utilizes a sample of males behaving in the way these atypical adults recall from their boyhoods plus a contrast sample whose behavior is like that recalled by most sexually typical adult males Cfinical interviews of a sampling of the feminine boys and behavioral descriptions of the boys provided by their parents have been reported (Green, 1974) Until now, there has been no reporting of the demographic characteristics
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A method is proposed whereby the spatial speckles created in front of a plate with an optically rough surface when illuminated by a coherent laser beam is used to generate slope contour fringes via double exposure.
Abstract: A method is proposed whereby the spatial speckles created in front of a plate with an optically rough surface when illuminated by a coherent laser beam is used to generate slope contour fringes. This is done by photographing the speckles contained in a parallel plane in front of the plate before and after deformation via double exposure. The resulting speckle interferogram is then optically Fourier transformed to yield the fringe pattern of slope contours. It is shown that the method is analogous to the Ligtenberg reflection moire method with a grating of continuously variable pitch and orientation. The method can be applied to plates made of almost any material.
TL;DR: Kenna ureilite as discussed by the authors is a typical UREILite with the requisite mineralogical and chemical properties of the group, including a greater density, the occurrence of exceedingly minute quantities of feldspar, and a very strong elongation lineation of the silicate minerals.
TL;DR: The narrow size distributions of silicate and metal particles in 19 unequilibrated ordinary chondrites and other textural properties of these meteorites strongly suggest that chondritic material was sorted before or during its accumulation in parent bodies as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: A preliminary investigation of the Turtle Technique, a procedure for helping emotionally disturbed children control their own impulsive behavior, is described in this article, which consists of four components: the "turtle response," relaxation, problem-solving, and peer support.
Abstract: A preliminary investigation of the Turtle Technique, a procedure for helping emotionally disturbed children control their own impulsive behavior, is described. The technique consists of four components: the “turtle response,” relaxation, problem-solving, and peer support. Eleven children drawn from two classrooms were instructed in the use of the Turtle Technique for the self-control of aggression. The procedure was introduced according to a multiple-baseline design. Results revealed significant decrements in aggressive behavior in both classrooms. Implications for further research were considered.
TL;DR: Observations indicate that the collateral circulation plays a significant protective role in the presence of obstruction of the left anterior descending artery, which is not apparent with obstruction of a dominant right coronary artery.
Abstract: A review of data in 465 patients with complete obstruction of either the left anterior descending or right coronary artery was undertaken to evaluate the functional role of the collateral circulation. Complete obstruction of a dominant right coronary artery was observed in 288 patients, 83 percent with distal filling and visualization of the posterior descending artery by way of collateral vessels. Complete obstruction of the left anterior descending artery was noted in 177 patients, 71 percent with filling and visualization distal to the obstruction by way of collateral vessels. Among patients with obstruction of the left anterior descending artery, there was a significantly greater frequency of congestive heart failure and cardiomegaly in those without collateral vessels than in those with collateral vessels. The former also had a significantly greater frequency of both electrocardiographic evidence of an anterior wall myocardial infarction and angiographic findings of anterior wall asynergy. The frequency of inferior myocardial infarction and inferior wall asynergy was not influenced by the presence of collateral vessels. These observations indicate that the collateral circulation plays a significant protective role in the presence of obstruction of the left anterior descending artery, which is not apparent with obstruction of the right coronary artery.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the enstatite-diopside join or the Al-concentration in pyroxenes coexisting with an Al-rich phase are reduced to three or four thermodynamic constants, entropy, enthalpy, and change in volume (two parameters for the En/Di join).
Abstract: The available experimental data for the equilibrium reactions that characterize either the enstatite-diopside join or the Al-concentration in pyroxenes coexisting with an Al-rich phase are reduced to three or four thermodynamic constants, entropy, enthalpy, and change in volume (two parameters for the En/Di join). Used together with a set of partition coefficients derived from natural assemblages, these values allow independent estimates of pressure and temperature to be made for any single pyroxene phase in equilibrium with a second pyroxene and with either spinel or garnet; otherwise, minimum temperatures and maximum pressures are obtained. This method has been checked for consistency both internally (similar estimates for coexisting pyroxenes in equilibrium) and externally (agreement with independent observations). The geothermometers and geobarometers are applied to xenoliths from ''kimberlites'' of the Navajo Indian Reservation and to ophiolites from Western Newfoundland for both of which partial recrystallization into hydrous phases often prevented the use of any other technique. This method is also applied to determine pressure-temperature paths for partially reequilibrated textures, to derive pyroxene geotherms from xenocrysts, to detect disequilibrium between coexisting pyroxenes, and to reveal actual equilibration facies of complex parageneses. These studies support a remarkable shortening of Newfoundland ophiolitic sequences, originally 100 kmmore » thick, a shallow origin for the Navajo Reservation ''kimberlites,'' and an underthrusting of oceanic-type lithosphere beneath the western United States' crust.« less