Showing papers by "Temple University published in 1994"

The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation

Abstract: Introduction 1. Invisibility 2. Canon 3. Nation 4. Dissidence 5. Margin 6. Simpatico 7. Call to Action

Mechanisms of fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake.

Abstract: Increased plasma FFA reduce insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. The mechanisms responsible for this inhibition, however, remain uncertain. It was the aim of this study to determine whether the FFA effect was dose dependent and to investigate its mechanism. We have examined in healthy volunteers (13 male/1 female) the effects of three steady state plasma FFA levels (approximately 50, approximately 550, approximately 750 microM) on rates of glucose uptake, glycolysis (both with 3-3H-glucose), glycogen synthesis (determined with two independent methods), carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation (by indirect calorimetry), hepatic glucose output, and nonoxidative glycolysis (glycolysis minus CHO oxidation) during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamping. Increasing FFA concentration (from approximately 50 to approximately 750 microM) decreased glucose uptake in a dose-dependent fashion (from approximately 9 to approximately 4 mg/kg per min). The decrease was caused mainly (approximately 2/3) by a reduction in glycogen synthesis and to a lesser extent (approximately 1/3) by a reduction in CHO oxidation. We have identified two independent defects in glycogen synthesis. The first consisted of an impairment of muscle glycogen synthase activity. It required high FFA concentration (approximately 750 microM), was associated with an increase in glucose-6-phosphate, and developed after 4-6 h of fat infusion. The second defect, which preceded the glycogen synthase defect, was seen at medium (approximately 550 microM) FFA concentration, was associated with a decrease in muscle glucose-6-phosphate concentration, and was probably due to a reduction in glucose transport/phosphorylation. In addition, FFA and/or glycerol increased insulin-suppressed hepatic glucose output by approximately 50%. We concluded that fatty acids caused a dose-dependent inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (by decreasing glycogen synthesis and CHO oxidation) and that FFA and/or glycerol increased insulin-suppressed hepatic glucose output and thus caused insulin resistance at the peripheral and the hepatic level.

Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families

Abstract: In a previous report, we demonstrated that adolescents' adjustment varies as a function of their parents' style (e.g., authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, neglectful). This 1-year follow-up was conducted in order to examine whether the observed differences are maintained over time. In 1987, an ethnically and socioeconomically heterogeneous sample of approximately 2,300 14-18-year-olds provided information used to classify the adolescents' families into 1 of 4 parenting style groups. That year, and again 1 year later, the students completed a battery of standardized instruments tapping psychosocial development, school achievement, internalized distress, and behavior problems. Differences in adjustment associated with variations in parenting are either maintained or increase over time. However, whereas the benefits of authoritative parenting are largely in the maintenance of previous levels of high adjustment, the deleterious consequences of neglectful parenting continue to accumulate.

Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial.

Abstract: In this study a psychosocial treatment for 47 Ss (aged 9-13 years) with anxiety disorders was investigated. A 16-session cognitive-behavioral treatment was compared with a wait-list condition. Outcome was evaluated using child self-report, parent report, teacher report, cognitive assessment, and behavioral observations. Pretreatment-posttreatment changes and maintenance of gains at 1-year follow-up were examined. Results revealed that many treated Ss were found to be without a diagnosis at posttest and at follow-up and to be within normal limits on many measures. The child's perception of the therapeutic relationship and the therapist's perception of parental involvement were measured but were not related to outcome. Discussion focuses on characteristics of effective child therapy and the need for further research on treatment components and alternative treatment methods.

Improving adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer by combining protracted-infusion fluorouracil with radiation therapy after curative surgery

Abstract: Background The combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus semustine after surgery has been established as an effective approach to decreasing the risk of tumor relapse and improving survival in patients with rectal cancer who are at high risk for relapse or death. We sought to determine whether the efficacy of chemotherapy could be improved by administering fluorouracil by protracted infusion throughout the duration of radiation therapy and whether the omission of semustine would reduce the toxicity and delayed complications of chemotherapy without decreasing its antitumor efficacy. Methods Six hundred sixty patients with TNM stage II or III rectal cancer received intermittent bolus injections or protracted venous infusions of fluorouracil during postoperative radiation to the pelvis. They also received systemic chemotherapy with semustine plus fluorouracil or with fluorouracil alone in a higher dose, both before and after the pelvic irradiation. Results With a median follow-...

Vagus nerve stimulation for treatment of partial seizures: 1. A controlled study of effect on seizures. First International Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group.

Abstract: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) was shown to reduce seizure frequency in refractory epilepsy patients in two pilot studies. Based on these results, a multicenter, prospectively randomized, parallel, double-blind study of patients with refractory partial seizures was initiated. After a 12-week baseline period, identical vagus nerve stimulators were implanted and patients randomized to either a high or low 14-week VNS treatment paradigm. The primary objective was to demonstrate that high VNS (therapeutic parameters) was more effective in reducing partial seizure frequency than was low VNS (less or noneffective parameters). Patients continued receiving antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) with plasma concentrations held constant throughout the study. We report results of the first 67 patients to exit the 14-week acute phase. After 14 weeks of VNS, 31 patients receiving high VNS experienced a mean seizure frequency percentage reduction of 30.9%, which was statistically significant as compared with the mean seizure frequency percentage reduction of 11.3% in 36 patients receiving low VNS (p = 0.029, t test; p = 0.036, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). In addition to the significant intragroup p-values, mean seizure frequency percentage change reached statistical significance for high VNS (p < 0.001) but not low VNS (p = 0.072) as compared with baseline. Twelve of 31 (38.7%) patients receiving high VNS achieved at least 50% reduction in seizure frequency whereas 7 of 36 (19.4%) patients receiving low VNS experienced at least 50% reduction after 14 weeks. The implant procedure and VNS therapy were well tolerated. Our study confirmed the effectiveness of VNS as treatment for epilepsy patients with refractory partial seizures.

Time delay switch

Abstract: A time delay switch for use with an electrical load and a source of electrical power, including a multiple-position toggle switch and a user-programmable microchip. The toggle is movable among three positions: an "OFF" position, an "ON" position on one side of the OFF position, and a "TIMER" position on the other side of the OFF position. The toggle is biased from TIMER to OFF so that, whenever it is moved to TIMER, it returns to the central OFF position. When the toggle is moved to TIMER, an electrical signal is sent to the microchip that (1) starts a clock for a preselected period of time and (2) permits electricity to flow through the switch as though the toggle was in the ON position during that time. Alteratively, the microchip can be programmed to start passing current after the preselected period elapses. Thus, the device can be used to turn a light or other electrical load off after a user-determined period of time, or to turn the load on after a preselected time. The duration of the clock interval can be adjusted by means of dip switches or the like, and the duration of the time delay can be adjusted simply by toggling to the TIMER position to program the microchip for as many clock intervals as are desired. A transducer generates an audible or visible signal, or both, in response to movement of the switch to the TIMER position.

Parental Monitoring and Peer Influences on Adolescent Substance Use

Abstract: Objective. To examine the joint influences of parental monitoring and peer influence on adolescent substance use over time. Subjects. 6500 adolescents attending six high schools in Wisconsin and northern California. Design. Longitudinal study. Results. Parental monitoring was negatively associated with substance use, whereas the more involved an adolescent9s peers were in substance use, the more likely he or she also was to use drugs and alcohol. Effects of monitoring and peer coercion were strongest for boys and girls at the transition into substance use, rather than at the transition from experimentation to regular use. The effect of parental monitoring on changes in adolescent substance use is mediated not so much by the nature of the adolescent9s peer associates, but by its direct effect on the adolescent. Specifically, poorly monitored adolescents are more likely to use drugs, and drug-using adolescents seek out like-minded friends. Once an adolescent associates with drug-using peers, his or her own substance use approaches their level. Conclusions. Intervention efforts should include both parents and community-level efforts. Parental monitoring is an effective tool both in the prevention of drug use and in the amelioration of drug use.

Immediate early up-regulation of bax expression by p53 but not TGFβ1: A paradigm for distinct apoptotic pathways

Abstract: Recently, both Bcl-2, which promotes cell survival, and Bax, which promotes cell death, have been implicated as major players in the control of apoptotic pathways, and it has been suggested that the ratio of Bcl-2 and Bax protein controls the relative susceptibility of cells to death stimuli. We have used M1 myeloid leukemia cells and genetically engineered M1 variants as a model system to study apoptosis induced by two distinct apoptotic stimuli. This includes apoptosis induced by activation of wild type p53 function of a temperature sensitive p53 transgene expressed in M1 cells, which do not express endogenous p53, and apoptosis induced by TGF beta 1. It is shown that the kinetics of apoptosis induced by p53 is more rapid than apoptosis induced by TGF beta 1. It is also shown that ectopic expression of Bcl-2, at levels which blocked TGF beta 1-induced apoptosis of M1 cells, delayed, but did not block, p53-induced apoptosis. Both p53 and TGF beta 1 down-regulated endogenous Bcl-2 expression, but only p53 up-regulated Bax expression, where bax has been identified as a p53 immediate early response gene. Thus, the p53-mediated up-regulation of Bax may provide at least a partial explanation for the more rapid rate of apoptosis induced by p53 compared to by TGF beta 1, as well as for the ineffectiveness of ectopoic Bcl-2 to abrogate p53-mediated apoptosis. These findings provide first insights to the molecular mechanisms which mediate p53-induced apoptosis, identifying bax and bcl-2 as p53 regulated genes, and serve as a paradigm of how the intracellular balance of Bcl-2 to Bax is differentially altered by distinct death stimuli.

Early object labels: the case for a developmental lexical principles framework.

Abstract: Universally, object names make up the largest proportion of any word type found in children's early lexicons. Here we present and critically evaluate a set of six lexical principles (some previously proposed and some new) for making object label learning a manageable task. Overall, the principles have the effect of reducing the amount of information that language-learning children must consider for what a new word might mean. These principles are constructed by children in a two-tiered developmental sequence, as a function of their sensitivity to linguistic input, contextual information, and social-interactional cues. Thus, the process of lexical acquisition changes as a result of the particular principles a given child has at his or her disposal. For children who have only the principles of the first tier (reference, extendibility, and object scope), word learning has a deliberate and laborious look. The principles of the second tier (categorical scope, novel name-nameless category' or N3C, and conventionality) enable the child to acquire many new labels rapidly. The present unified account is argued to have a number of advantages over treating such principles separately and non-developmentally. Further, the explicit recognition that the acquisition and operation of these principles is influenced by the child's interpretation of both linguistic and non-linguistic input is seen as an advance.

Classroom Interaction, Comprehension, and the Acquisition of L2 Word Meanings

Abstract: There are substantial theoretical and empirical grounds for believing that opportunities to negotiate meaning through interaction facilitate comprehension. However, although there are theoretical grounds for believing that meaning negotiation aids second language acquisition, these are not supported by any empirical evidence. This article reports two classroom studies, based on the same design, which investigated the effects of modified interaction on comprehension and vocabulary acquisition among 79 and 127 high-school students of English in Japan. The main results were: (a) interactionally modified input resulted in better comprehension than premodified input, (b) interactiqnally modified input led to more new words being acquired than premodified input, (c) learners who actively participated in negotiating meaning did not understand any better than those simply exposed to modified interaction, and (d) the active participators did not learn more new words. These results are discussed in terms of the interaction hypothesis (Long, 1981). The dual-study method in classroom research is a useful way of establishing which results are generalizable and which are subject to situational variation.

Reversal of the concreteness effect in a patient with semantic dementia

Abstract: Normal subjects are better at identifying and remembering concrete as compared to abstract words (the concreteness effect). We present data on a patient, DM, who shows the opposite pattern. DM has a progressive semantic loss due to atrophic changes in his temporal lobes, particularly on the left. His semantic impairment predominantly involves object terms, with relative sparing of abstract nouns and most aspects of verb meaning. DM showed an advantage for abstract words on a wide range of tasks (e.g. producing definitions, synonymy judgments). These data challenge accounts that attribute the concreteness effect to a quantitative superiority at the level of the underlying conceptual representations. We suggest that there are qualitative differences between abstract and concrete concepts, and that, in particular, concrete concepts are more dependent on perceptual attributes that were disproportionately impaired in DM. We propose, further, that perceptual components of semantic representations are a...

Educational resilience in inner cities.

Abstract: Educational resilience is defined as the heightened likelihood of success in school and in other life accomplishments, despite environmental adversities. This paper summarizes the concept of resilience as it has been advanced in developmental psychopathology and discusses educationally relevant research that is consonant with the definition of educational resilience. The focus is on conditions amenable to change within communities, homes, student peer groups, schools, and classrooms. Research has found that some children escape adversity without lasting damage, and that the active role of the individual is an important factor in survival. Resilient children have been observed to perceive experiences constructively and to have a clear sense of purpose about their future agency in controlling their own fates. Only a few studies have provided direct evidence on whether a particular set of school characteristics is effective in fostering student resilience in inner city schools, but schools that emphasize student involvement and belonging have been found to offer protection against adversity. Characteristics of communities that foster resilience are also those that promote a sense of involvement. Fostering resilience requires parent and teacher involvement and peer support to increase the protection against adverse influences. Research to identify the specific practices and policies that foster resilience is needed to design effective interventions. (Contains 110 references.) (SLD) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Educational Resilience in Inner Cities by M. C. Wang, G. D. Haertel, & H. J. Wa/berg U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as eived from the person or organization Originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of new or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. The National Center on Education in the Inner Cities At the time of this printing this paper was in press in M. C. Wang & E. W. Gordon (Eds.), Educational resilience in inner-city America: Challenges and prospects. Hillsdale, N J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. The research reported herein was supported in part by the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) of the U.S. Department of Education through a grant to the National Center on Education in the Inner Cities (CEIC) at the Temple University Center for Research in Human Development and Education (CRHDE). The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the position of the supporting agencies, and no official endorsement should be inferred. 2 BEST COPY AVAOLABLE # 93-5d INTRODUCTION As the decade of the 1990s unfolds, the nation's attention has been captured by the plight of children and families in a variety of risk circumstances, and by the urgency for interventions that foster resilience and life chances of all children and youth. Problems of great severity exist for many children, youth, and families in this nation's major cities, particularly the inner-city communities. The quality of life available to children and families in these communities is threatened by a perilous set of modern morbidities that often involve poverty, lack of employment opportunities, disorderly and stressful environments, poor health care, children born by children, and highly fragmented patterns of service. Although intended as special resources for children, inner-city neighborhoods have fallen into physical and psychological despair, causing further erosion in students' lives and prospects. In responding to such challenges, researchers are focusing on factors that strengthen the resources and protective mechanisms for fostering healthy development and learning success of children and youth in the inner cities. For the purposes of this paper, educational resilience is defined as the heightened likelihood of success in school and in other life accomplishments, despite environmental adversities, brought about by early traits, conditions, and experiences. The dual purposes of this paper are to: (a) briefly summarize the concept of resilience as it has been advanced in developmental psychopathology, and (b) discuss educationally relevant research consonant with our definition of educational resilience. Since educational theorists and practitioners are interested in alterable policies, the focus is on potentially malleable conditions within communities, homes, student peer groups, schools, and classrooms. RESILIENCE: A PRODUCTIVE CONSTRUCT Since the 1970s, developmental psychopathology (Cicchetti, 1990) has grown rapidly as a scientific discipline. It has provided an integrative framework for understanding maladaptation in children and adolescents. Topics of concern have included the roles of risk, competence, vulnerability, and

Preirradiation methotrexate chemotherapy of primary central nervous system lymphoma : long-term outcome

Abstract: The treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma with chemotherapy prior to whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) has improved outcome considerably in this previously fatal disease. Complete or partial responses to intravenous methotrexate (3.5 gm/sq m with leucovorin rescue every 3 weeks for two to four cycles) were seen in 12 of 13 patients originally treated. A total of 25 patients (including the original 13) have now been treated with one to six cycles of methotrexate every 10 to 21 days prior to WBRT. Twenty-two had partial or complete responses, with a median duration of response of 32 months. Median survival time was 33 months (42.5 months in those responding to therapy). Nine patients are alive and without evidence of disease 9 to 122 months following therapy. Acute and long-term toxicities were minimal. Systemic methotrexate administration prior to WBRT is well tolerated and produces long-term survival.

The efficacy of a semirigid ankle stabilizer to reduce acute ankle injuries in basketball. A randomized clinical study at West Point.

Abstract: This randomized clinical study was designed to prospectively determine the efficacy of a semirigid ankle stabilizer in reducing the frequency and severity of acute ankle injuries in basketball. Athletic shoe, playing surface, athlete-exposure, ankle injury history, and brace assignment were either statistically or experimentally controlled. Participants in the study were 1601 United States Military Academy cadets with no preparticipation, clinical, functional, or radiographic evidence of ankle instability. Subjects experienced a total of 13,430 athlete-exposures in the 1990 and 1991 intramural basketball seasons. Ankle injury was defined as acute trauma to the ankle ligaments that resulted in an athlete's inability to participate in basketball 1 day after the injury. Use of ankle stabilizers significantly reduced the frequency of ankle injuries. Reduction in ankle injuries, however, depended on the nature of injury (fewer contact injuries occurred among those who wore braces). Injury severity was not statistically reduced, and wearing the ankle stabilizer did not affect the frequency of knee injuries. Attitude toward ankle stabilizer use improved as use of the stabilizer increased.

Anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity of a growth substance in Aloe vera.

Abstract: Aloe vera improves wound healing and inhibits inflammation. Since mannose-6-phosphate is the major sugar in the Aloe gel, the authors examined the possibility of its being an active growth substance. Mice receiving 300 mg/kg of mannose-6-phosphate had improved wound healing over saline controls. This dose also had anti-inflammatory activity. The function of mannose-6-phosphate in A. vera is discussed.

PITALRE, a nuclear CDC2-related protein kinase that phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein in vitro

Abstract: Members of the cell division cycle 2 (CDC2) family of kinases play a pivotal role in the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. In this communication, we report the isolation of a cDNA that encodes a CDC2-related human protein kinase temporarily designated PITALRE for the characteristic Pro-Ile-Thr-Ala-Leu-Arg-Glu motif. Its deduced amino acid sequence is 47% identical to that of the human cholinesterase-related cell division controller (CHED) kinase, which is required during hematopoiesis, and 42% identical to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SGV1 gene product, a putative kinase involved in the response to pheromone via its guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha subunit. PITALRE expression is ubiquitous, but its expression levels are different in various human tissues. PITALRE is an approximately 43-kDa protein that associates with three cellular polypeptides of 80, 95, and 155 kDa. PITALRE is localized primarily to the nucleus. In addition, we have identified a retinoblastoma protein kinase activity associated with PITALRE immunocomplexes that cannot phosphorylate histone H1, suggesting that the target phosphorylation site of PITALRE differs from that of CDC2 kinase. Interestingly, the retinoblastoma kinase activity associated with PITALRE does not oscillate during the cell cycle.

Production of a hemolytic factor by Candida albicans.

Abstract: Candida albicans exhibits hemolytic activity when grown on glucose-enriched blood agar. This activity is present on intact organisms, and it is secreted into the culture medium. Hemoglobin released from lysed erythrocytes can restore the transferrin-inhibited growth of C. albicans. We conclude that C. albicans expresses a hemolytic factor which allows it to acquire iron from host erythrocytes.

Proof of the Alternating Sign Matrix Conjecture

Abstract: The number of $n \times n$ matrices whose entries are either -1, 0, or 1, whose row- and column- sums are all 1, and such that in every row and every column the non-zero entries alternate in sign, is proved to be $[1!4! >... (3n-2)!]/[n!(n+1)! ... (2n-1)!]$, as conjectured by Mills, Robbins, and Rumsey.

A rapid and efficient one-tube PCR-based mutagenesis technique using Pfu DNA polymerase

Abstract: A rapid method for efficiently generating site-directed mutations on a clean sequence background is described. This modification of the megaprimer PCR mutagenesis approach can be performed in one tube in less than 4.5 hours, and does not require purification of intermediate products. High fidelity of DNA sequence replication is obtained by employing Pfu DNA polymerase and limiting the total number of amplification cycles to 30. The mutagenesis efficiency of the procedure is high enough to allow rapid, direct identification of mutants by restriction digest or sequencing techniques.

p130/pRb2 has growth suppressive properties similar to yet distinctive from those of retinoblastoma family members pRb and p107.

Abstract: The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product, as well as its related protein p107, has been shown clearly to exert its growth suppressive effects in a cell cycle dependent manner. In this study we demonstrate that the introduction of our recently cloned Rb family member p130/pRb2 causes growth arrest in three tumor cell lines. In addition, in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma derived cell line HONE-1, we identified a low level of expression of p130/pRb2, possibly due to gene rearrangement, and a drastic reduction in proliferation upon introduction of a constitutive active p130/pRb2 complementary DNA clone. Furthermore, we were able to dissect distinct properties of the Rb family by demonstrating that p130/pRb2 inhibits proliferation of the glioblastoma cell line T98G, which is resistant to the growth suppressive effects of both pRb and p107. Our studies demonstrate that the Rb family proteins identified to date may complement each other but they are not fully functionally redundant.

Current status of research on biophysical effects of ultrasound.

Abstract: This overview of bioeffects of ultrasound presents some key aspects of selected papers dealing with biophysical end-points. Its purpose is to establish a basis for exposure and dosimetric standards for medical ultrasonic equipment. It is intended to provide essential background resource material for the medical/scientific community, and more specifically for scientific working groups. This document was prepared by members of the Safety Committee of the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. It was produced as a resource document in response to a request for information by Working Group 12 (Ultrasound exposure parameters) of the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 87, Ultrasonics. IEC TC 87, WG12 is the working group responsible for generating international standards for the classification of equipment by its acoustic fields based on safety thresholds. Our paper is intended to update and supplement information on the thermal mechanism provided in the publication, "WFUMB Symposium on Safety and Standardisation in Medical Ultrasound: Issues and Recommendations Regarding Thermal Mechanisms for Biological Effects of Ultrasound" (WFUMB 1992). It also provides an overview of trends in research into nonthermal mechanisms as a preliminary to the next WFUMB Symposium on Safety of Medical Ultrasound when this subject will be examined in detail by a select group of international experts. The WFUMB-sponsored workshop will take place in Utsunomiya, Japan during 11-15th July, 1994. The purpose of the meeting is to evaluate the scientific literature and to formulate internationally accepted recommendations on the safe use of diagnostic ultrasound that may be endorsed as official policy of the WFUMB. It should be noted that the current publication is not intended for review or endorsement as an official WFUMB document. It is produced as a scientific paper by individuals who are members of the WFUMB Safety Committee, and it therefore represents the opinions of the authors. Nevertheless, during the preparation of this document, contributions were received from members of the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 87 as well as many other individual experts, and the authors sincerely acknowledge their support.

Structure of PvuII endonuclease with cognate DNA

Abstract: We have determined the structure of PvuII endonuclease complexed with cognate DNA by X-ray crystallography. The DNA substrate is bound with a single homodimeric protein, each subunit of which reveals three structural regions. The catalytic region strongly resembles structures of other restriction endonucleases, even though these regions have dissimilar primary sequences. Comparison of the active site with those of EcoRV and EcoRI endonucleases reveals a conserved triplet sequence close to the reactive phosphodiester group and a conserved acidic pair that may represent the ligands for the catalytic cofactor Mg2+. The DNA duplex is not significantly bent and maintains a B-DNA-like conformation. The subunit interface region of the homodimeric protein consists of a pseudo-three-helix bundle. Direct contacts between the protein and the base pairs of the PvuII recognition site occur exclusively in the major groove through two antiparallel beta strands from the sequence recognition region of the protein. Water-mediated contacts are made in the minor grooves to central bases of the site. If restriction enzymes do share a common ancestor, as has been proposed, their catalytic regions have been very strongly conserved, while their subunit interfaces and DNA sequence recognition regions have undergone remarkable structural variation.

An Analysis of Twenty-Five Years of Research in the Journal of International Business Studies

Abstract: The article analyzes the twenty-five years of research published in the Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS) since its inception in 1970. The article reviews the authors, their institutional affiliations, and the discipline content of the published articles.