Showing papers by "University of Hawaii at Manoa published in 1986"

Calibrations of phase abundance, composition, and particle size distribution for olivine-orthopyroxene mixtures from reflectance spectra

Abstract: An analytical method for quantifying the characteristics (phase abundances, phase composition, and grain size) of an olivine-orthopyroxene mixture from reflectance spectra is described. The spectral parameters related to reflectance, wavelength position, and albedo are investigated; the absorption bands for the olivine-orthopyroxene mixture is also studied. Primary calibrations useful for the determination of the olivine-orthopyroxene mixture characteristics are examined.

HYPOCENTER: An earthquake location method using centered, scaled, and adaptively damped least squares

Abstract: We present an earthquake location method, HYPOCENTER, which combines features of the two well-known algorithms HYPO71 and HYPOINVERSE, with a new technique which we term adaptive damping. Each column of the linearized condition matrix T , which relates changes in arrival time to changes in hypocentral position, is centered and scaled to have zero mean and a norm of one. Origin time is defined as the mean arrival time minus the mean travel time. The three least-squares normal equations for hypocentral coordinates, with diagonal terms equal to one, are then solved iteratively by adding a variable damping factor, θ 2, to their diagonal terms before inversion. If the residual sum of squares increases, we return to the previous iteration, increase θ 2, then try again. This procedure, which we term adaptive damping, always results in residuals which are less than or equal to the HYPO71 or HYPOINVERSE residuals. We demonstrate HYPOCENTER by comparing it to HYPO71 and HYPOINVERSE using synthetic and real arrival time data for four- and eight-station seismic arrays.

Arthropod succession patterns in exposed carrion on the island of O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA.

Abstract: Arthropod succession patterns in exposed carrion were observed at 2 sites on the island of O‘ahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA. Five stages of decomposition were recognized: fresh, bloated, decay, dry, and remains. Differences in species composition at each of the 2 sites (Diamond Head Crater and Mānoa Valley) and in microhabitats resulted in differences in the duration of stages of decomposition between sites.

Antineoplastic agents, 120. Pancratium littorale.

Abstract: The bulbs of Pancratium littorale collected in Hawaii were found to contain a new phenanthridone biosynthetic product designated pancratistatin (4a) that proved to be effective (38-106% life extension at 0.75-12.5 mg/kg dose levels) against the murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia. Pancratistatin also markedly inhibited (ED50, 0.01 microgram/ml) growth of the P-388 in vitro cell line and in vivo murine M-5076 ovary sarcoma (53-84% life extension at 0.38-3.0 mg/kg). An X-ray crystal structure determination of pancratistatin monomethyl ether (4c) and a detailed high resolution (400 MHz) nmr study of pancratistatin and its pentaacetate (4b) completed assignment of structure 4a. Companion antineoplastic constituents of P. littorale were found to be narciclasine (2c) and its 7-deoxy derivative (2a). The structure of 7-deoxynarciclasine (2c) was also confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic analysis.

Ultrastructure, plasmodesmatal frequency, and solute concentration in green areas of variegated Coleus blumei Benth. leaves.

Abstract: The photosynthetic tissue of green portions of variegated Coleus blumei leaves consists primarily of palisade and spongy parenchyma cells as well as bundle-sheath cells. The moderate numbers of plasmodesmata connecting these cells may be sufficient to provide a symplastic pathway for assimilates moving toward the minor veins. The minor veins, however, are unusual in having two sets of phloem-loading cells which have little symplastic continuity with one another: one consisting of large, peripherally located intermediary cells, and a second set made up of smaller, usually more internal companion cells, both sets having their associated sieve-tube members. The intermediary cells are connected to vascular-parenchyma and bundle-sheath cells by unique branched plasmodesmata which are particularly abundant at the bundle-sheath interface. In addition, numerous plasmodesmata-pore connections occur between the intermediary cells and their associated sieve-tube members. Neither the intermediary cells nor their sieve-tube members plasmolyze when treated with 1.4 M mannitol, whereas mesophyll and vascular-parenchyma cells plasmolyze at 0.5 M and bundle-sheath cells at 0.6 M mannitol. By contrast, the companion cells and their associated sieve-tube members are symplastically isolated from the bundle-sheath cells and the sieve-tube-intermediary-cell complexes, and share few plasmodesmata with the vascular-parenchyma cells. Moreover, the companion cells plasmolyze at 1.1 M mannitol and their sieve tubes at 1.3 M. The intermediary-cell-sieve-tube complex thus appears to be structurally equipped to load assimilates entirely via the symplast, while the sieve-tube-companion-cell complex is probably loaded from the apoplast.

Territory takeover and sexually selected infanticide in tropical house wrens

Abstract: Tropical house wrens in lowland central Panama are, with rare exception, permanently monogamous. During a 3-year demographic study of 54–56 pairs of these brids, both males and females committed infanticide in association with takeover of breeding territories. New males and new females replaced previously identified (color-banded) parents before the termination of parental care in 13% of 328 breeding attempts. Replacement was accomplished by physical takeover in at least some if not all cases. Total nest failure at the egg, nestling, or fledgling stage occurred in 73% of the male replacements and 70% of the female replacements. Nest predation was excluded as a possible cause of nest failure. 76% of male replacements and 50% of female replacements bred in the same season. Infanticidal replacement males bred sooner than did non-infanticidal males arriving at similar stages of the nesting cycle. Contexts in which infanticide occurred included takeovers by first-year males and females of territories and mates, re-entry into the breeding population by males that had recently lost their mates, acquisition of neighboring females by bigamous males, and the elimination of one female of a bigamous male by the other. Sexually selected infanticide in these birds is promoted by a lengthy breeding season and extremely limited breeding opportunities for individuals not already part of the breeding population. Mate limitation appears to be more important than habitat or nestsite limitation in restricting new breeding opportunities once the breeding season has begun.

Hyperon decays and CP nonconservation.

Abstract: We study all modes of hyperon nonleptonic decay and consider the CP-odd observables which result Explicit calculations are provided in the Kobayashi-Maskawa, Weinberg-Higgs, and left-right-symmetric models of CP nonconservation

Corrective Reading Program An Analysis of Effectiveness with Learning Disabled and Mentally Retarded Students

Abstract: The Corrective Reading Program (CRP) was used with a group of learning disabled (LD) and educable mentally retarded (EMR) adolescents with data collected on the achievement of these students in the domains of reading recognition and comprehension. When compared to reading progress made in prior years, both groups showed significantly greater improvement. LD students experienced larger achievement gains than EMR students in both recognition and comprehension with differences in the former domain being statistically significant. Implications are discussed with regard to the two issues of possible benefits of a remedial orientation in curricula for adolescent students and of the validity of cross-categorical programming, respectively.

Limitations of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in evaluation of microcytosis

Abstract: The red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been proposed as an additional variable that would improve the initial classification of anemia. Microcytic anemias with an elevated RDW (greater heterogeneity) were used to distinguish iron deficiency from heterozygous thalassemia, which was said to have a normal RDW (more homogeneous). The authors attempted to classify their population of microcytic cases using the RDW as a major variable, but found only limited utility. While most of the iron-deficient cases had an increased RDW, almost one-half of the thalassemia cases also were classified as microcytic heterogeneous (increased RDW). The authors also found that target cells, erythrocytosis, and the ratios alone or in combination with the RDW were not specific in separating heterozygous thalassemia from iron deficiency. They conclude that a sequential evaluation (to include iron and hemoglobin studies) of cases of microcytosis is still needed.

The Interaction of Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Research: A View of the Second Language Classroom

Abstract: Both qualitative and quantitative approaches to research on second language learning are considered, with the special case of second language classroom research being used for illustration. It is evident that both approaches are relevant to determining (a) the important variables to investigate and (b) the relationships those variables have to second language learning outcomes.

News from the U. S. And Japan: Which Moves the Yen/Dollar Exchange Rate?

Abstract: Intra-daily movements in the yen/dollar exchange rate were examined in four non-overlapping segments within each business day from January1980 to September 1985. The empirical results yielded several conclusions. First, most depreciation of the yen (appreciation of the dollar) from late 1982 to early 1984 occurred in the New York market. The direction of the yen was mostly neutral in the Tokyo market. Also, the volatility of the exchange rate decreased considerably in the Tokyo market. The volatility in the New York market, on the other hand, did not decrease untilvery recently. Second, market efficiency was examined in terms of the random-walk behavior of short-run movements in the yen/dollar rate. Information on the preceding segments within a day was sometimes significant in predicting the exchange rate movement in a market. Third, there is evidence of the "profit-taking" behavior, or overshooting, in that a large jump (more than 3 absolute yen) in any market tends to be reversed by a fifth of the jump during the same day in the next market. Finally,the relative effects of news from the U.S. and Japan were examined explicitly both with respect to possible major events behind large jumps andthe response of the yen/dollar rate to particular economic announcements in both countries. Over the entire sample period, news concerning the U.S. money stock had the only significant effects.

Clause union, the stratal uniqueness law and the chômeur relation

Abstract: Section 1 described this study as representing the convergence of two seemingly unrelated lines of research. One of these focused on the behavior of embedded 3s in Romance and other languages. The second concerned counterexamples to the ergative analysis provided by languages which did not fit the Romance pattern. A resolution of each of the problems in both these areas is possible through the Inheritance Principle and the recognition of the role of the SUL in the clause union construction. In languages with French-type clause union the failure of certain complement 3s to behave as 3s in the union clause has been shown to follow from their chomage, which is in turn predictable from the interaction of the Inheritance Principle and the SUL. The variation across languages in the clause union construction is restricted to the single parameter of mapping embedded 1s into matrix Objects. Once this mapping has been specified, the remaining properties of the clause union construction, including the distribution of chomeurs, are completely determined by the interaction of the Inheritance Principle and the SUL. Note that the collapsing view of clause union is crucial for our analysis, especially for the case in which an embedded nominal is a chomeur at the union stratum. Our results in this area could not be attained under a conception of the clause union construction in which it is biclausal at all levels, since under such an analysis the SUL would not be relevant. With respect to all GRs except the 1-relation our proposal is extremely restrictive. For example, in a language where no embedded 1s are union stratum 3s we claim that it is impossible for any embedded final 3s to be union stratum Chomeurs. Conversely, in a language in which some embedded transitive 1s are union stratum 3s, it is impossible for all embedded final 2s to be union stratum Chomeurs. Our system allows for considerable variation, however, in the mapping of embedded 1s into matrix Objects. We do not yet have sufficient empirical evidence bearing on the issue of limiting these possibilities to offer any proposal more restricted than our union parameter (21). Available evidence suggests that the number of attested realizations of (21) will be quite small. As an example, we know of no language in which all embedded 1s are union stratum 3s, an instantiation allowed by (21), though we do not have as yet any motivated principle for excluding this or other possibilities. However, it is clear what type of structure should occur if in some language the embedded 1 happened not to fall under some language-particular union rule. In that case, the embedded 1 would follow the dictates of the Inheritance Principle, clashing with the matrix 1. This conflict would then be resolved through the chomage of the embedded 1 in the clause union construction. We have not been able to discover any clear example of such a language (see Rosen, 1983). The question of how many patterns exist for the clause union construction is addressed in Comrie (1976), where the hierarchy of syntactic positions in (i) is claimed to be relevant for characterizing the causative construction. (i) subject - direct object - indirect object - other oblique constituent Comrie suggests that in the clause union construction the embedded 1 is shifted to the right along this hierarchy to the first open position. In some respects, our view of clause union is closer to Comrie's than to the ergative analysis of Perlmutter and Postal. However, the precise nature of his claims is sufficiently difficult to ascertain to make comparison difficult.

The inhibitory action of melatonin on the contractile response to 5-hydroxytryptamine in various isolated vascular smooth muscles.

Abstract: The effects of melatonin on the contractile responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin-1 (AT-1) and potassium were determined on the rabbit isolated aorta, iliac and renal arteries. Melatonin, at 10(-4) or 10(-3) M inhibited the response to 5-HT in the aorta, iliac and renal arteries. Melatonin, at 10(-3) M, had a negligible effect on the responses to NE and AT-1 in all preparations used. The potassium-induced contraction of all 3 preparations used was slightly inhibited by only the high concentration of melatonin (10(-3) M). In a Ca+-free medium with EGTA (0.1 mM), the residual response to 5-HT (10(-5) or 10(-4) M) were inhibited by melatonin (10(-4) or 10(-3) M) in all preparations used. In a Ca2+-free medium with EGTA (0.01 mM), nifedipine (10(-6) M) and 5-HT (5 X 10(-7) M), application of Ca2+ (2 mM) resulted in a tonic contraction, related to receptor operated channels, of all preparations. This Ca2+ dependent, nifedipine insensitive contraction was markedly inhibited or abolished by melatonin at 10(-5) and 10(-4) M. These results demonstrated that melatonin had a generally greater inhibitory effect on the response to 5-HT than those to NE, AT-1 and potassium in vascular smooth muscles. Also the results suggest that action of melatonin on the 5-HT induced contraction is more related to interference with Ca2+ influx through receptor operated channels than release of intracellular Ca2+ from the store site.

Major element constraints on melting, differentiation and mixing of magmas from the Galapagos 95.5° W propagating rift system

Abstract: Projections in the pseudo-quaternary system diopside-plagioclase-olivine-quartz (di-pl-ol-Q) are used in this paper as a base on which to plot additional compositional, petrologic or tectonic variables. Used in this manner, the projections provide a sensitive means of displaying and evaluating the chemical variability of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) suites, such as that of the Galapagos 95.5° W propagating rift system, and allow mantle controls on the chemical variability of MORB to be distinguished from the predominant effects of shallow-level crystal fractionation and mixing. Primitive lavas (mg # > 63) from the 95.5° W region form a broadly linear array within the di-pl-ol-Q tetrahedron, parallel to the di-ol join. In terms of two recent high pressure studies of MORB petrogenesis (Stolper 1980; Takahashi and Kushiro 1983), the primitive liquids in this array are not primary, but have evolved by less than 10% olivine fractionation from an array of primary liquids which separated from residual mantle over a range of pressures between 10–20 kb. With appropriate assumptions as to residual lithology and mg # of residual olivine, the nature and origin of 95.5° W primary magmas can be deduced: (1) Lavas of the normal rift are derived from a broad range of primary magmas that separated from compositionally uniform (in terms of major elements) mantle over a pressure range of 10–20 kb. (2) Beneath the newly forming propagating rift, melting is initiated, perhaps by pressure release, at shallow depth (9–11 kb). Degree of melting and source composition appear similar to those for the normal rift. Within a few km of the propagating rift tip, this shallow source is joined by a second, deeper (11–12 kb), more iron-rich source. Both sources persist for at least 100 km along the propagating rift, but the deeper source appears to become dominant farther behind the tip. Maximum pressure for melt separation anywhere beneath the propagating rift is less than 15 kb. In addition to these source effects, the projections allow a more complete description of the shallow-level fractionation and mixing effects along the propagating rift. Primitive lavas of restricted composition erupted near the rift tip give way, within 2–3 km, to an increasingly diverse suite of lavas characterized by variable extents of fractionation and by numerous, single mixing events consistent with magmatic evolution in small, only occasionally interconnected magma bodies. Beyond 15 km, the diversity gradually declines toward a restricted population of cpx-saturated lavas which characterizes the propagating rift beyond 75 km, and is consistent with the presence of a large, well-mixed magma chamber in this region.

Development of pronuclei from human spermatozoa injected microsurgically into frog (Xenopus) eggs

Abstract: Human spermatozoa were demembranated with Triton X-100 (TX) and injected into the mature eggs of Xenopus laevis. The nuclei of these spermatozoa decondensed and developed into pronuclei. Chromosomes did not appear in the eggs until the end of a 5-hr incubation period. When the demembranated human spermatozoa were further treated with dithiothreitol (DTT) before they were injected into the eggs, the sperm nuclear decondensation and pronuclear development took place considerably faster than in spermatozoa treated with the detergent alone. By the end of the 5-hr incubation period, decondensed chromatin threads or chromosome-like structures appeared, but none of the eggs cleaved. When human spermatozoa were injected into full-grown ovarian oocytes with intact germinal vesicle (GV) or oocytes which had matured without GV, the nuclei of a proportion of TX-treated and all TX-DTT-treated sperm decondensed but showed no sign of developing into pronuclei. Sperm nuclei injected into maturing oocytes formed condensed chromatin fragments as long as the oocytes were not activated, but they transformed into pronuclei when the oocytes were stimulated with electric shock. These results indicate that the cytoplasmic factors responsible for the decondensation of human sperm nuclei are present in egg cytoplasm independent of GV-materials. We also suggest that the factors controlling development of decondensed sperm nuclei into pronuclei are dependent on GV materials.

New tools for solving the solar-neutrino problem.

Abstract: Neutrino ($\ensuremath{ u}$) excitation of nuclear levels (NUEX) via neutral currents is shown to be crucially important to the solar-$\ensuremath{ u}$ problem as a method of detecting $\ensuremath{ u}'\mathrm{s}$ regardless of flavor We examine $^{11}\mathrm{B}$, $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}$, and $^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$ as NUEX targets The $^{11}\mathrm{B}$ system offers means for concurrent solar-$\ensuremath{ u}$ spectroscopy by NUEX and by charged-current ${\ensuremath{ u}}_{e}$ capture with a set of differing thresholds It promises a self-contained solution to the solar-$\ensuremath{ u}$ problem as well as key probes for revealing the structure of resonant flavor and nonflavor $\ensuremath{ u}$ oscillations in the sun This approach may be feasible in an ICARUS-type underground experiment