Showing papers by "University of Kansas published in 1969"
TL;DR: The method described here is simple and objective enough to allow the beginning researcher to sex hip bones accurately while requiring the presence of only a small fragment of the bone.
Abstract: Preliminary investigation has indicated that the use of the ventral arc, subpubic concavity, and medial aspect of the ischio-pubic ramus as sexing criteria allows one to sex the os pubis with an accuracy in excess of 95%. The method described here is simple and objective enough to allow the beginning researcher to sex hip bones accurately while requiring the presence of only a small fragment of the bone.
1,382 citations
TL;DR: Out-of-seat and talking-out behaviors were studied in a regular fourth-grade class that included several "problem children" and a contingency was arranged for the inappropriate behavior of each child while the consequence was shared by all members of this team as a group.
Abstract: Out-of-seat and talking-out behaviors were studied in a regular fourth-grade class that included several “problem children” After baseline rates of the inappropriate behaviors were obtained, the class was divided into two teams “to play a game” Each out-of-seat and talking-out response by an individual child resulted in a mark being placed on the chalkboard, which meant a possible loss of privileges by all members of the student's team In this manner a contingency was arranged for the inappropriate behavior of each child while the consequence (possible loss of privileges) of the child's behavior was shared by all members of this team as a group The privileges were events which are available in almost every classroom, such as extra recess, first to line up for lunch, time for special projects, stars and name tags, as well as winning the game The individual contingencies for the group consequences were successfully applied first during math period and then during reading period The experimental analysis involved elements of both reversal and multiple baseline designs
873 citations
TL;DR: In this discussion of the escape of the offspring of a large sessile organism from predators and parasites, Leguminosae (the bean family) and the bruchid beetles that attack their seeds are used as an empirical example.
Abstract: \"Many legumes contain poisonous principles, particularly alkaloids and glucosides, and we should expect Bruchids to be affected by some of these.\" With this statement, Bridwell (l918) anticipated the subject of this discussion: what traits of seeds may be the result of selective pressure by insects and other seed-eaters? In this discussion of the escape of the offspring of a large sessile organism from predators and parasites, Leguminosae (the bean family) and the bruchid beetles that attack their seeds are used as an empirical example. In a subsequent paper (Janzen, 1968b), a model of seed dispersal is developed as background for discussion of the relevance of seed dispersal and mortality to the density and presence of a species of plant in a community. I intend the data presented here to support the arguments advanced by Stebbins (1967) and Harper ( 1967) against the
664 citations
TL;DR: The functional significance of the first two of the three genetically determined morphological traits of Cecropia listed above has been inadequately "explained" in terms of structural strengthening and as an accidental by-product of usual developmental processes, respectively; the third trait cannot be explained in this manner.
Abstract: Azteca ants, that obligatorily live in neotropical second-growth trees of the genus Cecropia, kill vine ends that begin to climb on the Cecropia trunk Presumably this aids the Cecropia tree in its efforts to maintain an emergent position in the general canopy, and may be one of the selective advantages of being occupied by an Azteca colony This system is, in both process and pattern, extremely similar to that of the swollen-thorn acacias and their ant occupants In both cases the ants are effectively allelopathic agents, and are functionally analogous to the chemicals liberated by some plants in their competitive interactions with other plants; like these chemicals, the ants are "produced" at a metabolic cost to the plant The ants may, however, be a more efficient allelopathic agent than a chemical because of their versatility Since the original descriptions of the apparently mutualistic association between lowland second-growth trees in the neotropical genus Cecropia (Moraceae) and the Azteca ants that obligatorily occupy them (Muller 1874, 1880, Belt 1874), there has been a running argument as to whether the ants are in any sense "needed" by the plant (Bequaert 1922, Wheeler 1942, Ihering 1907, Eidmann 1944, Bailey 1922, Brown 1960, etc) That the argument survives is due to two apparently opposing sets of observations Favoring a mutualistic interpretation, the known species of Cecropia have several apparent adaptations to the ants: (1) exceptionally large hollow internodes in which the ants live and tend Homoptera that produce honeydew (exceptions appear secondarily derived and are discussed below), (2) regularly occurring thin spots in the internode wall where the worker and founding queen ants gain entrance to the internode, and (3) "Mullerian bodies" (lipid, protein and carbo1 Contribution No 1396 of the Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas This study was supported by NSF Grant No GB-5206 and the teaching program, of the Organization for Tropical Studies 2 Present address: Department of Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637 hydrate-rich food bodies) continually growing from highly modified petiole bases (these tiny bodies are apparently the primary food source of the colony and are harvested and fed to the larvae) While not all species of the primarily arboreal, neotropical ant genus Ateca are involved in this system, at least 10 species are in an apparently obligate manner (Wheeler 1942, and see also for a general discussion of the biology of Ateca) The functional significance of the first two of the three genetically determined morphological traits of Cecropia listed above has been inadequately "explained" in terms of structural strengthening (Ihering 1907, Bailey 1922) and as an accidental by-product of usual developmental processes (Bailey 1922), respectively The third trait cannot be explained in this manner Unless the ant colony's presence is considered to be of positive selective value to the tree, there is no obvious selective basis for the presence of these three traits However, the only immediately obvious aggression by the ants is against humans that are cutting Cecropia trees, despite numerous postulations that the ants should protect the tree from a large variety of herbivores, including leaf-cutter ants Further, it is commonplace to encounter occupied Cecropia with foliage heavily eaten by insects, and healthy unoccupied Cecropia are apparently not rare This content downloaded from 157553917 on Fri, 02 Sep 2016 04:34:29 UTC All use subject to http://aboutjstororg/terms 148 REPORTS Ecology, Vol 50, No 1 in some habitats The obvious field experiments needed to clarify the situation had not been attempted This apparently contradictory situation, accompanied by similar arguments, was the state of the art for all apparent mutualistic associations between plants with ants living in them (myrmecophytes), until it was experimentally demonstrated that two Central American swollen-thorn acacias (Acacia cornigera and A collinsii; Leguminosae) are obligatorily dependent in nature upon their ant occupants (Pseudomnyrmex spp; Pseudomyrmecinae) for survival to reproductive maturity (Janzen 1967a and unpublished) Further, the ant-acacia myrmecophytic relationship is a very highly coevolved one (Janzen 1966) and applies to all 10 of the normally occupied swollen-thorn acacia species in Central America The demonstration of mutualism between Pscudo11nyrwnex and Acacia throws a new light on the Cecropia and Asteca interaction, especially since the general extent of herbivore damage to swollen-thorn acacias is very similar to that of Cecropia Further, the only immediately obvious aggression demonstrated by Pseudomyrinex is against large vertebrates, and like Cecropia, apparently healthy but unoccupied swollen-thorn acacias are occasionally encountered in nature However, detailed analysis has shown that Pseudoinyrnmex workers remove most phytophagous insects and kill the intrusive branches of vines and shrubs in the acacia canopy If the ants are experimentally removed, the combination of greatly increased insect damage and shading from adjacent plants in the rapidly growing adjacent second growth -severely stunts the plant and eventually results in death Further, a partial "fire-break" may on occasion result from the ants' pruning activities (Janzen 1967b) Alone, either browsing by insects or shading will kill the acacia, but they are faster and more effective when operating together The analogous experiments with Cecropia (and two other myrmecophytes, Cordia and Triplaris) are presently in progress in Costa Rica, but I would like to draw attention at this time to one activity of worker Axteca ants that very likely influences the survival and general health of the Cecropia they occupy By chewing on them, worker A teca kill the shoot tips _ f = SC::,', Aj~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f,: ',, i A, A A i r',p w ; I ; , I FIG 1 On the right are two vine ends of a convolvulaceous vine that have been chewed off and killed by Azteca worker ants where the vine touched the Cecropia The vine on the right has also had one leaf completely pruned off and the other severely trimmed The two vines on the left and extending up over the top of the photograph are intact examples from the same plant (8 March 1968; Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica) and tendrils of vines that attempt to climb Cecropia trunks or enter the canopy laterally (Fig 1); they in effect make the occupied Cecropia tree capable of allelopathy Studies of allelopathy (as defined by Molisch 1937) have focused on chemical inhibition of neighboring plants (Muller, Muller, and Baines 1964, Muller 1966, Borner 1960, Woods 1960) and the mechanics of the process However, the phenomenon may be generalized as a competitive process (of an interference type), or model, whereby one organism is responsible for the input into the environment of an object that is inimical to the development of a competitor (ie, competitive interference where the adaptive value is in the elimination of a competitor) Here, the severe destruction of vegetation around swollen-thorn acacias by obligate acacia ants (Janzen 1967a) is clearly analogous to the inhibition of herbaceous growth around the shrubs Arteniesia and Salvia by volatile compounds (Muller et al 1964, Muller 1966) and other classical cases of allelopathy As is likely the case with the chemicals active in allelopathy, the ants are "produced" by the plant in a very real sense, in respect to the cost of maintaining them and the selection for traits promoting their presence Barnwell (1967), while discussing activity patterns, first described damage to other plants by Azteca cf alfari on Cecropia obtusifolia (near Puerto Viejo, Heredia Prov, Costa Rica): "the ants were cutting deeply into the stem and leaves of a cucurbit where it had contacted the Cecropia Similarly, at the C peltata in Guanacaste the leaves of an adjacent shrub had been neatly cut back from the lower trunk of the tree" He then postulated that "there is the possibility that the cutting back of overgrowth contributes to the survival and reproduction of Cecropia " I would like to support this hypothesis as a special case of allelopathic interference competition, and discuss its relationship to the hitherto unsatisfactorily explained aggression to plants shown by several genera of ants occupying myrmecophytes other than Cecropia and Acacia
221 citations
TL;DR: In the freshwater fish Catostomus clarkii, the frequency of alleles for polymorphic serum esterase varies with latitude, and coefficients of selection used to calculate allelic equilibrium within populations are derived from the activity profiles of the genotypes.
Abstract: In the freshwater fish Catostomus clarkii, the frequency of alleles for polymorphic serum esterase varies with latitude. The activity of the allele more frequent in southern populations increases as temperature increases from 0 ° to 37 °C, whereas activity of the allele more frequent in northern populations increases as temperature decreases. Coefficients of selection used to calculate allelic equilibrium within populations are derived from the activity profiles of the genotypes.
213 citations
TL;DR: Much indirect evidence obtained from studies of California chaparral indicates a greater probability of recurrent fire in the more inflammable shrublands than in forest; an extensive literature on the subject exists.
Abstract: The winter-rain, summer-drought rhythm of the California climate has been conducive to a seasonal recurrence of fire in vegetation o-f diverse character. Forests, shrublands and grasslands are fire-prone during the dry season, which extends from May to November. The frequency of fire in the extensive California pine forests has been ascertained through use of fire-scars dated by ring-counts in wood of veteran pines that escaped destruction. Over a period of 2 centuries from 1685 to 1889 there were 28 years marked by extensive fires, recurring at intervals of about 5 to, 10 years (Show and Kotok, 1924). Because of the more complete destruction of above-ground parts, the method of counting rings is inappropriate for establishing a long chronology of the many devastating fires that have swept the treeless shrublands of the chaparral. Most of the standing crop of chaparral dates from the last fire, usually a very recent event. Nevertheless, much indirect evidence obtained from studies of California chaparral indicates a greater probability of recurrent fire in the more inflammable shrublands than in forest; an extensive literature on the subject exists (see review by Shantz, 1947; also Sampson, 1944; Wells, 1962; Muller et al., 1968). The fire-induced cycle of destruction and regeneration is probably as old as the chaparral itself, which goes, back in the fossil record at least to the Miocene (Axelrod, 1958).
213 citations
TL;DR: The authors summarizes the current status of knowledge about relationships of forgetting rate to chronological and mental age (CA and MA) and to intelligence (IQ), and considers methodological limitations and interpretative difficulties encountered in the research upon which this current knowledge is based.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the current status of knowledge about relationships of forgetting rate to chronological and mental age (CA and MA) and to intelligence (IQ), and to consider the methodological limitations and interpretative difficulties encountered in the research upon which this current knowledge is based. The chapter reviews those studies in which both forgetting rate and IQ or age (early childhood to adulthood) are observable variables, whether or not the investigators were explicitly concerned with the correlation of memory with age and IQ. The approach used to separate acquisition and retrieval to assess their contributions to total short-term memory (STM) functioning is also discussed.
194 citations
TL;DR: Using in vitro techniques the penetration of 14C labeled fluminolone acetonide and its acetate ester through human skin at 37° has been examined with vehicle mixtures of isopropanol and isoproyl myristate or propylene glycol and little penetration was found.
188 citations
TL;DR: Brief timeout for disruptive and aggressive behaviors and reinforcement for appropriate behaviors were used with two retarded patients in a state hospital ward setting and the procedures reduced loud vocal behavior in one patient and aggressive behavior in another to near-zero levels when first applied.
Abstract: Brief timeout for disruptive and aggressive behaviors and reinforcement for appropriate behaviors were used with two retarded patients in a state hospital ward setting. The procedures reduced loud vocal behavior in one patient and aggressive behavior in another to near-zero levels when first applied. The behaviors returned to previous levels when the procedures were removed and were again greatly reduced when timeout and reinforcement were reapplied. The results were significant because the behavior problems were severe and long-standing and the procedures were instituted without greatly disturbing normal ward routine.
163 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the femur, humerus, and tibia segments were estimated from fragmentary remains of 117 prehistoric Indians from various archeological sites in the southeastern United States.
Abstract: The proper analysis of prehistoric skeletal populations includes estimated individual statures and this estimation usually depends on the presence of one or more complete long bones, a condition that is too often rare. Although a number of techniques have been devised to utilize fragmentary long bones for stature estimations, the results have not produced the desired accuracy. The present paper attempts to refine and expand Muller's method by applying more up-to-date statistical procedures as well as exercising stricter control of the sample.
Using a sample of 117 prehistoric Indians from various archeological sites in the southeastern United States, regression formulae were established for specified segments of the femur, humerus, and tibia to aid in the estimation of total long bone lengths from fragmentary remains. Once total length has been determined, it is possible to calculate living stature of the individual with a reasonable degree of accuracy.
148 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the elastic buckling loads of shear diaphragms are derived from an analysis of light-gage, corrugated-metal diaphrasms of the type that occur in pre-engineered metal buildings.
Abstract: Formulas for the elastic buckling loads of shear diaphragms are derived. They are obtained from an analysis of light-gage, corrugated-metal diaphragms of the type that occur in pre-engineered metal buildings. The formulas are applicable to any rectangular, orthotropic plate loaded in pure shear, and they are derived using orthotropic plate theory and the Ritz energy method. Small deflection theory is used first to establish critical loads and buckling modes. Then, large deflection theory is used to predict post-buckling load versus lateral deflection relationships. The results of experiments that were designed to verify the accuracy of the formulas are presented in the form of load versus lateral deflection curves covering the pre and post-buckling ranges. Several light-gage, corrugated-metal diaphragms of different size and corrugation shape were tested to determine their buckling behavior. The results of the experiments compare favorably with the formulas derived.
TL;DR: In this article, a stability analysis of a rectifier-inverter induction motor drive system is performed by neglecting the harmonic content of the stator voltages and applying Nyquist stability criterion to the small displacement equations obtained by linearization about an operating point.
Abstract: A stability study of a rectifier-inverter induction motor drive system is performed by neglecting the harmonic content of the stator voltages and applying Nyquist stability criterion to the small- displacement equations obtained by linearization about an operating point. This investigation reveals that system instability can occur over a wide speed range if the system parameters are improperly selected. It appears that the method of analysis presented in this paper is sufficient to predict stability of practical rectifier-inverter induction motor drive systems. Also, with slight modifications, this method of analysis can be applied to rectifier-inverter systems which supply reluctance-synchronous machines or synchronous machines.
TL;DR: The localization of 6,7-3H-estradiol in the brain and pituitary of the ovariectomized rat was studied by autoradiography and labeled cells were found in the arcuate nucleus and the pars lateralis of the ventral medial nucleus as well as the periventricular nucleus.
Abstract: The localization of 6,7-3H-estradiol in the brain and pituitary of the ovariectomized rat was studied by autoradiography. Estradiol was incorporated into cells of the dorsal part of the posterior third of the medial amygdaloid nucleus and the nucleus interstitialis stria terminalis and the lateral septal nucleus. The medial preoptic area had labeled cells along with periventricular and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the preoptic region. In the hypothalamus, the labeled cells were found in the arcuate nucleus and the pars lateralis of the ventral medial nucleus as well as the periventricular nucleus. In a time study, animals were killed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hr after 3H-estradiol injection. The number of labeled cells at 2 hr was maximal. In each subsequent 2-hr interval, the number decreased by about one third. Thus, by 8 hr post injection there were essentially no labeled cells. Unlabeled estradiol (2 μg) given 1 hr before the injection of 3H-estradiol significantly decreased the accumulation of labeled estradiol ...
TL;DR: The effects of teacher praise and disapproval on two target behaviors, inappropriate talking and turning around, were investigated in a high school English class of 25 students and demonstrated that the combination of disapproval for the target behaviors and praise for appropriate, incompatible behaviors substantially reduced the incidence of thetarget behaviors in the experimental class.
Abstract: The effects of teacher praise and disapproval on two target behaviors, inappropriate talking and turning around, were investigated in a high school English class of 25 students. The contingencies were applied to all students in the experimental class utilizing a multiple baseline experimental design in which the contingencies were aimed first at decreasing inappropriate talking behavior and then at decreasing inappropriate turning behavior. Observations were made of both student and teacher behavior. The results demonstrated that the combination of disapproval for the target behaviors and praise for appropriate, incompatible behaviors substantially reduced the incidence of the target behaviors in the experimental class. Observations of these behaviors in a control class of 26 students taught by the same teacher revealed no particular changes. The findings emphasize the importance of teacher-supplied social contingencies at the secondary school level.
TL;DR: The concept of mobile war as discussed by the authors is defined as the continual effort to create an insurgent state, complete with the elements of power, a raison d'etre, core areas, and administrative units that is the manifestation of the insurgent's territorial imperative.
Abstract: For contemporary national revolutions, the capture and control of territory has virtually become a “territorial imperative.'’Control of a geographic part of the state is a manifesto proclaiming: “We have arrived. We are ready to replace the existing government.'’Each stage of a guerrilla war has its basis in geographic as well as political circumstances. “Mobile war'’is required when the insurgent is unable to establish a base in the cities and must continually move to avoid capture by government troops. Once a base area is established, it is possible to enter the stage of “guerrilla war.'’If a system of guerrilla base areas evolves, then a parallel state (insurgent state) is formed. It is the continual effort to create an insurgent state, complete with the elements of power, a raison d'etre, core areas, and administrative units that is the manifestation of the insurgent's territorial imperative.
TL;DR: In this article, a mechanism involving conversion of the bromouracil substituted DNA (BU-DNA) to a uracil (U) moiety by reaction of BU-DNA with organic free radicals was proposed.
Abstract: SummaryPulse- and steady-state radiolysis studies show two major differences in the radiation chemistry of aqueous solutions of E. coli DNA (DNA) and bromouracil substituted DNA (BU-DNA): on exposure of N2-saturated solutions to low doses of radiation the absorbance of BU-DNA increases while that of DNA decreases; the free radicals formed by OH· attack on BU-DNA decay more rapidly than those on DNA. The differences are explained with the help of results from the accompanying paper by a mechanism involving conversion of the BU moiety of BU-DNA to a uracil (U) moiety by reaction of BU-DNA with organic free radicals. Uracil-5-yl radicals are formed which may abstract H· from neighbouring deoxyribose moieties to give uracil and a radical which may lead to a single-strand break. A hypothesis for BU radiosensitization, based on these and earlier results, account for (a) more DNA base damage and (b) more single-strand breaks in BU-DNA than in DNA; and (c) formation of U in BU-DNA.
TL;DR: The hormonal species obtained from tissue and the one isolated from incubation medium migrated in an identical fashion during chromatography on gels and upon electrophoresis, indicating that this species was similar to that extracted from the tissue.
TL;DR: The authors feel that the term “ granulomencephalitis” or “granulomatous encephalitis’ should not be used for cases of cerebral histiocytosis in any of its forms, and believe “Gagel's hypothalamic granuloma” and related entities represent examples of cerebral HistiocyTosis-X.
Abstract: Four cases of histiocytosis-X of the central nervous system are reported. All four involved the hypothalamus and in three of them diabetes insipidus was the initial manifestation of the disease.
TL;DR: The properties of chondrites can be interpreted in terms of metamorphic equilibration and recrystallization of primary chondritic matter, although alternative hypotheses exist as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The apparent good result in the short strictures warrants continued clinical trials of this form of treatment, and the treatment of strictures longer than 1.5 cm.
TL;DR: In adult rats, hepatic microbody proliferation is dependent to a significant degree upon male sex hormone but is largely independent of thyroid or adrenal gland hormones, indicating that micro body proliferation can be independent of hypolipidemia.
Abstract: The liver cells of intact male rats given ethyl-α- p -chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) characteristically show a marked increase in microbodies and in catalase activity, while those of intact female rats do not. In castrated males given estradiol benzoate and CPIB the increase in catalase activity and microbody proliferation is abolished, while in castrated females given testosterone propionate and CPIB the livers show a marked increase in microbodies and in catalase activity. No sex difference in microbody and catalase response is apparent in fetal and neonatal rats. Both sexes show a sharp rise in catalase activity on the day of birth, with a rapid decline at 5 days after birth. Thyroidectomy abolishes the hypolipidemic effect of CPIB in rats, but microbody proliferation and increase in catalase activity persists in thyroidectomized male rats, indicating that microbody proliferation can be independent of hypolipidemia. Adrenalectomy does not alter appreciably the microbody-catalase response to CPIB. These experiments demonstrate that ( 1 ) in adult rats, hepatic microbody proliferation is dependent to a significant degree upon male sex hormone but is largely independent of thyroid or adrenal gland hormones; ( 2 ) hepatic microbody proliferation is independent of the hypolipidemic effect of CPIB; ( 3 ) displacement of thyroxine from serum protein may not be sufficient cause for stimulation of microbody formation.
TL;DR: Analysis of some of these data by means of a computerized discriminant function program indicated that the above enzyme assays are useful in the differential diagnosis of infectious hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, myocardial infarction, and lung cancer.
Abstract: Data concerning the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme and total lactate dehydrogenase values for normals and various disease states are presented. Analysis of some of these data by means of a computerized discriminant function program indicated that the above enzyme assays are useful in the differential diagnosis of infectious hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, myocardial infarction, and lung cancer. The usefulness of these assays for other diagnostic situations was not investigated by this method. The use of discriminant analysis as an aid to laboratory medicine is discussed and illustrated with respect to the enzyme values in the following ways: (1) the reasons and the method for using discriminant analysis; (2) its application for evaluating the diagnostic usefulness of a test or group of tests; (3) its application for the differential diagnosis of a particular clinical state; and (4) the limitations of discriminant analysis for these applications.
TL;DR: The fig (Ficus) is absolutely dependent upon pollination by minute agaonid wasps for development of fertile seeds and the New World Tetrapus and some Old World Blastophaga lack pollen-carrying structures and may carry pollen dusted over the body or in the digestive tract.
Abstract: The fig (Ficus) is absolutely dependent upon pollination by minute agaonid wasps for development of fertile seeds. In some species of the wasp genera Agaon, Allotriozoon, Blastophaga, Ceratosolen, Elisabethiella, Liporrhopalum , and Pleistodontes , the females possess concavities ("corbiculae") to carry pollen. The New World Tetrapus and some Old World Blastophaga lack pollen-carrying structures and may carry pollen dusted over the body or in the digestive tract.
TL;DR: Artificial grooves about 2 mm in width have been observed on the cervical region of teeth of American Indian populations which come from widespread localities and which extend through considerable time depth.
Abstract: Artificial grooves about 2 mm in width have been observed on the cervical region of teeth of American Indian populations which come from widespread localities and which extend through considerable time depth. The grooves appear to have been made ante-mortem and to show a close relationship with interproximal caries and peridontal bone resorption. It is conjectured that the grooves represent efforts of a therapeutic or, at least, palliative nature.
01 Apr 1969
TL;DR: Remote sensor imaging technology makes it possible to obtain multiple images of extensive land areas simultaneously from the radar, infrared, and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and it would be useful to automatically obtain from such data land-use maps indicating those areas of similar types of land that are similar as seen through the sensor's eyes.
Abstract: Remote sensor imaging technology makes it possible to obtain multiple images of extensive land areas simultaneously from the radar, infrared, and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It would be useful to automatically obtain from such data land-use maps indicating those areas of similar types of land, that is, similar as seen through the sensor's eyes. This classification problem is approached from the perspective of the structure inherent in the data. The classification categories or clusters so constructed are the natural homogeneous groupings within the data. There is high similarity within each cluster and high dissimilarity between clusters. Two clustering procedures are presented: the first partitions the image sequence and the second partitions the measurement space. In both, the partition is constructed by finding appropriate center sets and then chaining to them all similar enough points. The resulting clusters are simply connected and not necessarily convex. An example of the measurement space clustering procedure is presented for a set of three multispectral images taken over Phoenix, Ariz.
TL;DR: Cats excreted the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii in feces, generally between 5 to 12 days after ingesting mice with chronic toxoplasmosis, and eggs of the nematode Toxocara cati occurring together could be separated by washing them through sieves that retained the eggs.
Abstract: Cats excreted the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii in feces, generally between 5 to 12 days after ingesting mice with chronic toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma gondii and eggs of the nematode Toxocara cati occurring together could be separated by washing them through sieves that retained the eggs. This finding negates the postulated role of Toxocara cati in the transmission of toxoplasmosis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the ionic species acting as the substrate for thiosulfate-formation was concluded to be bisulfite, and two components, cytochrome c3, ferredoxin, and hydrogenase were required for the reaction.
Abstract: Crude extracts of Desulfovibrio vulgaris reduced sulfite to sulfide. Ammonium sulfate fractionation of crude extracts separated a thiosulfate-forming system from sulfite- and thiosulfate-reductase activities. Further purification by sucrose density centrifugation separated the thiosulfate-forming system into two components, both of which were required for the reaction. In addition to these two components, cytochrome c3, ferredoxin, and hydrogenase were required to form thiosulfate from sulfite. By absorption spectra and from the effect of pH and substrate concentration, the ionic species acting as the substrate for thiosulfate-formation was concluded to be bisulfite.
TL;DR: In the context where the pupils are members of a lower caste or ethnically subordinated group, education has come to denominate a unidirectional process by which missionaries - or others impelled by motives of duty, reform, charity, and self-sacrifice - attempt to uplift and civilize the disadvantaged and barbarian as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Indian education is one of those phrases whose meaning is not the sum of its component words. Notoriously, "education" is an ambiguous word used to justify, idealize, or to criticize a variety of relationships. In the context where the pupils are members of a lower caste or ethnically subordinated group, education has come to denominate a unidirectional process by which missionaries - or others impelled by motives of duty, reform, charity, and self-sacrifice - attempt to uplift and civilize the disadvantaged and barbarian. Education then is a process imposed upon a target population in order to shape and stamp them into becoming dutiful citizens, responsible employees, or good Christians.