Showing papers by "University of Nebraska–Lincoln published in 1984"
TL;DR: In this article, the Raman spectra of carbon films were analyzed via a best fit to computer-generated line shapes, used to simulate the $D$ and $G$ lines.
Abstract: Carbon films were prepared by ion-beam as well as rf-discharge deposition, and annealed at temperatures up to 950\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Raman spectra of these films, in the range 1000-1800 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, were analyzed via a best fit to computer-generated line shapes, used to simulate the $D$ and $G$ lines. Our results are given in terms of the $\frac{I(D)}{I(G)}$ intensity ratio, line position, and linewidth as a function of anneal temperature. The $\frac{I(D)}{I(G)}$ ratio for the rf-discharge-deposited films shows a maximum, and there is a suggestion of similar behavior for the ion-beam-deposited films. This maximum indicates that crystallite growth is promoted by higher anneal temperatures. As suggested by comparison with theory, the down-shifted $G$ line position of 1536 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the as-deposited films indicates the presence of bond-angle disorder. The similarly, down-shifted $D$ line position of \ensuremath{\sim}1283 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ indicates that the as-deposited films may contain some fourfold-coordinated bonds as well as disorder. The shift of the $D$ and $G$ lines to asymptotes of 1353 and 1598 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively, as anneal temperature increases, indicates that the crystallites are dominated by threefold over fourfold coordination. The linewidths of both lines decrease in width with increasing anneal temperature. This is also consistent with the removal of bond-angle disorder and the increasing dominance of crystallites as annealing proceeds to higher temperatures.
1,011 citations
TL;DR: The Strange Situation procedure was developed by Ainsworth two decades ago as a means of assessing the security of infant-parent attachment as discussed by the authors, and it has been shown empirically unsupported in their strong form, and that the interpretations in terms of biological adaptation are misguided.
Abstract: The Strange Situation procedure was developed by Ainsworth two decades agoas a means of assessing the security of infant-parent attachment. Users of the procedureclaim that it provides a way of determining whether the infant has developed species-appropriate adaptive behavior as a result of rearing in an evolutionary appropriate context, characterized by a sensitively responsive parent. Only when the parent behaves in the sensitive, species-appropriate fashion is the baby said to behave in the adaptive or secure fashion. Furthermore, when infants are observed repeatedly in the Strange Situation,the pattern of behavior is said to be highly similar, and this pattern is said to predict the infants' future behavior in a diverse array of contexts. After an exhaustive review of the literature, it is shown that these popular claims are empirically unsupported in their strong form, and that the interpretations in terms of biological adaptationare misguided. There is little reliable evidence about the specific dimensions of parental behavior that affect Strange Situation behavior, although there does appear to be some relationship between these constructs. Temporal stability in security of attachment ishigh only when there is stability in family and caretaking circumstances. Likewise, patterns of Strange Situation behavior only have substantial predictive validity in similarly stable families. Implications for future research and theorizing — particularly as they relate to the use of evolutionary biology in psychological theory — are discussed.
272 citations
TL;DR: Fourier transform mass spectrometry will play an important role in the future because of its unique combination of high mass resolution, high upper mass limit, and multichannel advantage.
Abstract: Fourier transform mass spectrometry will play an important role in the future because of its unique combination of high mass resolution, high upper mass limit, and multichannel advantage. These features have already found application in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, multiphoton ionization, laser desorption, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. However, its most notable feature is the ability to store ions. This characteristic, when combined with the others, will allow expeditious study of the interaction of gas-phase ions with both photons (photodissociation) and neutral molecules, and the convenient application of this fundamental information for chemical analysis.
244 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of teacher time involvement, intervention type, and behavior problem severity on teachers' judgments pertaining to the acceptability of behavioral interventions was explored, which revealed that amount of time involvement affected the judgments of intervention acceptability significantly.
231 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, some issues related to the assessment of possible communicative functions of aberrant behavior are addressed in terms of both the behavioral and the pragmatics litmus test.
Abstract: This paper presents some issues related to the assessment of possible communicative functions of aberrant behavior. These issues are addressed in terms of both the behavioral and the pragmatics lit...
208 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated teachers' acceptability for both positive and reductive interventions and found that less complex or time-consuming interventions were more acceptable for positive than reductive treatments.
197 citations
TL;DR: The literature addressing the empirical relationships between strategic planning and hard measures of organizational performance is examined in this paper, where distinctions are drawn among formal strategic planning; strategic planning content; and research linking strategic planning, environment, and organizational performance.
197 citations
TL;DR: This review discusses the various color forms of myoglobin in muscle and their relationship to species, atmospheric conditions, antemortem factors and storage characteristics.
Abstract: The color of fresh meat is important to every aspect of the meat industry. The basic explanations for various colors and intensities of color need to be understood in order to minimize off-colors which ultimately result in product loss. This review discusses the various color forms of myoglobin in muscle and their relationship to species, atmospheric conditions, antemortem factors and storage characteristics.
189 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that: a) LH secretion in prepubertal heifers is responsive to estradiol negative feedback; and b) estradiola negative feedback decreases during the prepuberal period in beef heifer.
Abstract: The hypothesis that luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in prepubertal females is responsive to estradiol negative feedback and that decreased feedback occurs as puberty approaches was tested in heifers. In the first experiment, seven heifers were maintained prepubertal by dietary energy restriction until 508 days of age (Day 0). All heifers were placed on a high-energy diet on Day 0 at which time they received no additional treatment (CONT), were ovariectomized (OVX) or were ovariectomized and subcutaneously implanted with estradiol-17 beta (OVX-E2). This feeding regimen was used to synchronize reproductive state in all heifers. A second experiment was performed with 16 prepubertal heifers using the same treatments at 266 days (Day 0) of age (CONT, OVX and OVX-E2) but no dietary intake manipulation. In both experiments, LH secretion increased rapidly following ovariectomy in OVX heifers. In the initial experiment, LH secretion was maintained at a low level in OVX-E2 heifers until a synchronous rapid increase was noted coincidental with puberty in the CONT heifer. In the second experiment, LH secretion increased gradually in OVX-E2 heifers and attained castrate levels coincidental with puberty in CONT heifers. A gradual increase in LH secretion occurred as puberty approached in CONT heifers. These results indicate that: a) LH secretion in prepubertal heifers is responsive to estradiol negative feedback; and b) estradiol negative feedback decreases during the prepubertal period in beef heifers.
170 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the emic perspective is explained and the specific steps for ethno-science analyses are summarized, and examples and implications are given, coming largely from anthropology, and the approach here falls within the subjective/idiographic/qualitative/insider set of methodologies rather than the objective/nomothetic/quantitative/outsider set.
Abstract: This paper is in answer to the call for new, innovative perspectives and methodologies for organizational research. Although the approach here falls within the subjective/idiographic/qualitative/insider set of methodologies rather than the objective/nomothetic/quantitative/outsider set, there is the potential to bridge the gap between the two sets. Coming largely from anthropology, the emic perspective is explained; the specific steps for ethno-science analyses are summarized; and examples and implications are given.
169 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of the differences between industrial and consumer marketing is discussed. But, the fundamental question raised in this paper is whether the importance is suffi cient.
Abstract: Academicians have traditionally acknowledged that industrial and consumer marketing are different. A fundamental question raised in this paper is whether the importance of these differences is suff...
TL;DR: The positive and negative ion fast atom bombardment (FAB) and collisionally activated decomposition (CAD) spectra of a series of nucleosides and two dinucleotides are reported, finding some structural information not found in the FAB mass spectra.
TL;DR: The authors evaluated the extent to which teacher evaluations of intervention acceptability varied as a function of the type of language used to describe the intervention and found that the pragmatic description was significantly more acceptable than either the behavioral or humanistic descriptions, and all interventions were rated more acceptable when applied to a severe case.
TL;DR: Early postpartum exposure of cows to bulls reduced the post partum anestrous interval, and progesterone concentrations increased, which indicated onset of estrous cycles.
Abstract: The effect of bull exposure on the resumption of estrous activity following parturition was studied in an experiment using mature Hereford and Hereford X Angus beef cows. In the spring of 1981 and 1982, cows were assigned by breed and calving date to one of two treatment groups. Cows were exposed to bulls either from 3 to 85 d postpartum (BE; n = 45, 1981; n = 35, 1982) or from 53 to 85 d postpartum (NE; n = 39, 1981, n = 36, 1982). Blood samples were collected from all cows once weekly from calving until 85 d postpartum to determine progesterone concentrations. The first increase in progesterone, which indicated onset of estrous cycles occurred at 43 +/- 2 vs 63 +/- 2 d (P less than .01) in 1981 and at 39 +/- 2 vs 61 +/- 3 d (P less than .01) postpartum in 1982 in BE cows and NE cows, respectively. Early postpartum exposure of cows to bulls reduced the postpartum anestrous interval.
TL;DR: Insect herbivory at a level well below complete defoliation (25% of the leaf area) changed leaf demography and reduced plant performance by decreasing the plant stature, leaf area, and fruit production of this native forb.
Abstract: The impact of a native, leaf-feeding chrysomelid beetle (Phaedon sp. nr. oviformis) on bittercress (Cardamine cordifolia: Cruciferae), was evaluated in an exclusion experiment. Multivariate statistical analysis showed a significant increase in plant performance in the rotenone exclusion com- pared to performance in the paired control treatment. Plant response to the reduction of herbivory was a complicated, interrelated syndrome of changes. When insects were excluded, the amount of missing leaf area decreased significantly (3.6-fold; 3.2-0.9 cm2 per plant), and the total leaf area increased 5.7-fold (12.9-73.4 cm2 per plant). Plant height (5.7-20.3 cm) and fruit production (0.1- 3.9 siliques per plant) also increased significantly when the number of insects was reduced. Furthermore, the 570% expansion in leaf area due to the exclusion of insects involved significant increases both in the initiation of new leaves and in the survival of mature leaves. Nevertheless, insect herbivory at a level well below complete defoliation (25% of the leaf area) changed leaf demography (both phenology and dynamics) and reduced plant performance by decreasing the plant stature, leaf area, and fruit production of this native forb. Thus, further experimental assessment is necessary before general- izations can be made regarding the effects of herbivory on plant dynamics.
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: This paper explored factors related to teacher judgments that an intervention is either acceptable or unacceptable for use in typical classroom environments, and explored the acceptability of various intervention interventions in a typical classroom environment.
Abstract: This article explored factors related to teacher judgments that an intervention is either acceptable or unacceptable for use in typical classroom environments. The acceptability of various interven...
TL;DR: This method can detect 1-5 pg of TMV protein, either in purified form or in the unpurified plant extract, with high specificity, and was detected by gold-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G.
TL;DR: Experimental results appear inconsistent with the hypothesis that FANFT increases the probability of cell transformation over background levels, and the effect of sodium saccharin was found to be attributable entirely to increases in stem cell populations and mitotic rates.
Abstract: A theoretical model of two-stage carcinogenesis has been hypothesized. Variables that are modeled include the populations of normal, initiated, and transformed cells; mitotic rates of these cells; hyperplasia; and the probabilities of cell initiation and transformation during replication. The size of the cell populations can be estimated and mitotic rates determined directly from animal studies. Tumor occurrences at different time intervals following varying periods of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) and sodium saccharin administration are known and are used in the indirect estimation of values for unobservable model variables. Model-based analyses suggest FANFT markedly increases the probability of cell initiation in addition to its experimentally verifiable effects on increasing the stem cell population and mitotic rates. Further, experimental results appear inconsistent with the hypothesis that FANFT increases the probability of cell transformation over background levels. Similarly, the effect of sodium saccharin was found to be attributable entirely to increases in stem cell populations and mitotic rates without influencing either the probability of initiation or the probability of transformation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare theoretical and experimental peak shapes, including determinations of height, width, area, and center position, for the Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometer (FTMS).
TL;DR: In this paper, three directional surveys were made in the bore hole from which a deep ice core was obtained in the summers of 1979-81, and the inclination and azimuth were measured on three surveys, fluid pressure and hole diameter on one of the surveys.
Abstract: In 1983 three directional surveys were made in the bore hole from which a deep ice core was obtained in the summers of 1979–81. The inclination and azimuth of the bore hole were measured on three surveys, temperature was included on two surveys, fluid pressure and hole diameter on one of the surveys. Fluid-pressure measurements show that the ice-overburden pressure was undercompensated in the upper few hundred meters and overcompensated at the bottom of the hole. Diameter measurements show closure in the upper portion and expansion near the bottom beginning at the transition from the Holocene to Wisconsin ice at 1784 m. The hole expansion and increase in inclination correlate with dust and silt content in the Wisconsin ice. Changes in azimuth are due to flow of the ice and are consistent with the direction of flow at the surface. Temperature measurements show that the hole is at or near equilibrium. The gradient of 0.012 K/m below 1400 m is less than the 0.018 K/m at Camp Century. There is a slight reduction in gradient near the bottom from internal friction in the silty ice.
TL;DR: Rate of response in LS from use of the selection index, I = 10.6 OR + 72.6 ES, is expected to increase litter size 2.5 times faster than selection on LS due to higher selection intensity and optimum emphasis on the component traits.
TL;DR: In this article, the reaction of the organoactinide hydrides (Cp'/sub 2/MH/sub 2) with trimethyl phosphite is reported, and the reaction is considerably more rapid for M = U than for M= Th.
Abstract: A study of the reaction of the organoactinide hydrides (Cp'/sub 2/MH/sub 2/)/sub 2/ (Cp' = eta/sup 5/-(CH/sub 3/)/sub 5/C/sub 5/, M = Th, U) with trimethyl phosphite is reported. Quantitative transposition of hydride and methoxide ligands occurs to yield the corresponding Cp'/sub 2/M(OCH/sub 3/)/sub 2/ complexes (synthesized independently from Cp'/sub 2/MCl/sub 2/ and NaOCH/sub 3/) and the phosphinidene-bridged methoxy complexes (Cp'/sub 2/M(OCH/sub 3/))/sub 2/PH. The reaction is considerably more rapid for M = U than for M = Th. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, /sup 1/H and /sup 31/P NMR, infrared spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and D/sub 2/O hydrolysis. The molecular structure of (Cp'/sub 2/U(OCH/sub 3/))/sub 2/PH has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2/n with a = 13.926 (3) A, b = 10.765 (3) c = 15.282 (4) A, ..beta.. = 107.63 (2)/sup 0/, and Z = 2. Full-matrix least-squares refinement of the structural parameters for the 24 independent anisotropic non-hydrogen atoms has converged to R/sub 1/ (unweighted, based on F) = 0.041 for 1677 independent absorption-corrected reflections having 2 theta/sub MoK..cap alpha../ 3sigma(I). The (Cp'/sub 2/U(OCH/sub 3/))/sub 2/PH molecule has C/sub 2/more » symmetry, with the ..mu..-PH/sup 2 -/ ligand lying on a crystallographic twofold axis. The coordination geometry about each uranium ion is of the typical pseudotetrahedral Cp'/sub 2/M(X)T type, with U-P = 2.743 (1) A, U-O = 2.046 (14) A, angle U-P-U = 157.7 (2)/sup 0/, and angle U-O-C (methyl) = 178 (1)/sup 0/. Evidence is presented that other > P-OR linkages react in a similar manner.« less
TL;DR: Ultrastructural studies revealed that the virus, PBCV-1, adsorbs to the surface of the Chlorella-like green alga NC64A and enzymatically digests a portion of the host cell wall of either heat-killed, methanol-extracted, or purified cell wall fragments.
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: Theories of emotion wax and wane across a more extended time frame than is typical for theoretical approaches in many other areas in psychology as mentioned in this paper, and the relationship of that research to some of the more enduring theoretical issues in emotion.
Abstract: will discuss the relationship of that research to some of the more enduring theoretical issues in emotion. Theories of emotion wax and wane across a more extended time frame than is typical for theoretical approaches in many other areas in psychology. Perhaps these extended cycles of emotion theory result from the relative difficulty in the recent past in doing definitive research within the area of human emotion. The field was thereby insulated from sudden shifts in focus precipitated by dramatic research relevant to basic theory. One of those areas of enduring concern to philosophers and psychologists interested in human emotion has been whether to conceive of emotion as dimensional versus discrete in structure. Those on the discrete side of this controversy generally trace their theoretical lineage to Charles Darwin, whereas dimensional theorists often credit William James. Discrete theorists hold that there are eight or nine basic emotions, which are inborn syndromes of feeling and behavior (e.g
TL;DR: While the possibility of a federal ban on children's food advertising has been eliminated, the possibility for private actions by concerned parents remains a potent threat as mentioned in this paper, and marketers can use social media to exploit such concerns.
Abstract: While the possibility of a federal ban on children's food advertising has been eliminated, the possibility of private actions by concerned parents remains a potent threat. Marketers can use sociali...
TL;DR: Consequences of selection for increased age constant retail product weight or carcass weight appear to be increased age and weight at puberty, increased mature weight, improved fertility, increased maternal gestation length and maternal birth weight but reduced maternal difficulty and reduced maternal preweaning gain.
Abstract: Data from a comprehensive germ plasm evaluation program were used to estimate genetic correlations of reproductive and maternal traits of beef females with growth and carcass traits of their steer paternal half-sibs. The data set consisted of 187 sires with approximately four female and five male progeny each. Heritability estimates for age at puberty, weight at puberty, conceptions/service, gestation length, calving difficulty, progeny birth weight, progeny preweaning daily gain and mature weight measured on females were .613 +/- .177, .700 +/- .114, .026 +/- .126, .298 +/- .175, .217 +/- .175, .374 +/- .174, .094 +/- .161, and .540 +/- .150, respectively. Postweaning daily gain, carcass weight, fat trim weight and retail product weight measured on male half-sibs had estimated heritabilities of .363 +/- .090, .441 +/- .093, .502 +/- .093 and .451 +/- .093, respectively. The estimated genetic correlations suggest that selection for postweaning daily gain would result in increased age and weight at puberty, increased mature weight, improved fertility, reduced maternal gestation length, reduced maternal calving difficulty, increased maternal birth weight and reduced maternal preweaning gain. Predicted correlated responses to selection for reduced fat trim at a constant age were increased age and weight at puberty, increased mature weight, reduced maternal fertility, reduced maternal preweaning gain and increased maternal gestation length, birth weight and calving difficulty. Consequences of selection for increased age constant retail product weight or carcass weight appear to be increased age and weight at puberty, increased mature weight, improved fertility, increased maternal gestation length and maternal birth weight but reduced maternal difficulty and reduced maternal preweaning gain.
TL;DR: In this paper, time-sampled ratings of infant facial expressions, vocal responses, and play activity were used to assess the quality of seporotian reactions in the Strange Situation ond to relate individual differences therein to the security of attachment.
Abstract: Time-sampled ratings of infant facial expressions, vocalirotions, and play activity were used to assess the quality of seporotian reactions in the Strange Situation ond to relate individual differences therein to the security of attachment. Forty- three infants were observed at 12% and 19% months. From these ratings, sum- mary measures were calculated for: peak distress and lability for the entire assessment. At each age, distress intensity was nega- tively correlated with latency to onset, positively correlated with duration ot recovery, and unassociated with rise time. These findings were interpreted in terms of the functioning of cognitive appraisol processes and the energy require- ments of distress reactions. Relations to the security of attachment revealed two clusters, with A and BIB, infants exhibiting lower distress intensity and longer onset latency during separations and quicker recovery during reunions than C and BIB, babies. Analyses of interactive measures revealed that the intensity of separation distress was strongly associated with a contact-maintaining versus distance interaction dimension of reunion behaviors. Individual differences in separation reactions were stable between 12% and 19% months only when there was stability in attachment status.
TL;DR: A sequential optical character recognition algorithm, ideally suited for implementation by means of microprocessors with limited storage capabilities, is formulated in terms of a binary decision tree.
Abstract: A sequential optical character recognition algorithm, ideally suited for implementation by means of microprocessors with limited storage capabilities, is formulated in terms of a binary decision tree. Upper bounds On the recognition performance are derived in terms of the stability of the digitized picture elements. The design process is described in detail. The algorithm is tested on single-font typewritten characters and the experimental and theoretical results are compared.
TL;DR: Sigelman and Welch as mentioned in this paper found that white males would be least likely to support presidential candidates from both groups, while black females would be the most likely to express this support.
Abstract: Using data from the 1974 and 1978 General Social Surveys, public opinion toward blacks and women as presidential candidates was explored. We tested the hypotheses that white males would be least likely to support presidential candidates from both groups, while black females would be the most likely to express this support. We found that although blacks in general were more supportive of black candidacies than were whites, women were not consistently more supportive of female candidates. While black women were more likely than black males to support female candidates, among whites few gender differences were found. Lee Sigelman is Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science, University of Kentucky. Susan Welch is Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 48:467-475 ? 1984 by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 0033-362X/84/0048-467/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.96 on Sat, 03 Sep 2016 05:49:47 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 468 LEE SIGELMAN AND SUSAN WELCH issues have not been joined (see Peek and Brown, 1980, for a preliminary move in this direction). When we think of the two issues jointly, four possibilities emerge, as indicated in Table 1. Cells I and IV contain the two polar opposite types-those who say they would vote for neither a black nor a woman, and those who say they would be willing to vote for both. Between the polar types fall the intermediate types-those who would be willing to vote for a black but not a woman (Cell III) and those who would vote for a woman but not a black (Cell II). Using this fourfold classification, we should be able to determine whether blacks and women are the targets of one set of individuals who are generally opposed to "outgroup" candidacies, or whether different types of people comprise the opposition to blacks and women.