Showing papers by "University of Ottawa published in 1990"
TL;DR: Energy expenditure values for numerous household and recreational activities in both METS and watts units are presented and a convenient method to describe the functional capacity or exercise tolerance of an individual as determined from progressive exercise testing is provided.
Abstract: One metabolic equivalent (MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg body weight x min. The MET concept represents a simple, practical, and easily understood procedure for expressing the energy cost of physical activities as a multiple of the resting metabolic rate. The energy cost of an activity can be determined by dividing the relative oxygen cost of the activity (ml O2/kg/min) x by 3.5. This article summarizes and presents energy expenditure values for numerous household and recreational activities in both METS and watts units. Also, the intensity levels (in METS) for selected exercise protocols are compared stage by stage. In spite of its limitations, the MET concept provides a convenient method to describe the functional capacity or exercise tolerance of an individual as determined from progressive exercise testing and to define a repertoire of physical activities in which a person may participate safely, without exceeding a prescribed intensity level.
1,102 citations
TL;DR: The rationale and development of the COPM, an outcome measure designed for use by occupational therapists to assess client outcomes in the areas of self-care, productivity and leisure, are described.
Abstract: The Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, in collaboration with Health and Welfare Canada have developed and published a conceptual model for occupational therapy, the Occupational Performance model. This paper describes the development of an outcome measure, The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), which is designed to be used with these guidelines for client-centred clinical practice. The COPM is an outcome measure designed for use by occupational therapists to assess client outcomes in the areas of self-care, productivity and leisure. Using a semi-structured interview, the COPM is a five step process which measures individual, client-identified problem areas in daily function. Two scores, for performance and satisfaction with performance are obtained. This paper describes the rationale and development of the COPM as wellas information about its use for therapists.
1,025 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is growing that most cells have ion channels potentially capable of monitoring and regulating active and passive variations in cellular mechanics, and mechanosensitive MS channels are present as membrane components in ordinary pedestrian cells, rather than being confined to the exotic mechanoreceptor specialists.
Abstract: Cells are seldom static. They grow, migrate, contract, change volume and shape, reorganize internally, divide, and are subject to all manner of compression, shearing and stretch. Evidence is growing that most cells have ion channels potentially capable of monitoring and regulating active and passive variations in cellular mechanics. The ion channels in question are mechanosensitive (MS), that is, their open probability (Pop) depends on stress at the membrane (see Fig. 1 for examples). Channels of this ilk were postulated decades ago as a way to account for mechanoelectrical transduction in muscle spindles, crustacean stretch-receptors, Pacinian corpuscles and other specialized mechanoreceptors [see references in 17, 41-45]. What was not anticipated was the picture now emerging, with MS channels present as membrane components in ordinary pedestrian cells, rather than being confined to the exotic mechanoreceptor specialists. As documented in other recent reviews [27, 44, 49], MS channels of various ionic selectivities have been found in spheroplasts prepared from bacteria and fungi, in protoplasts prepared from plants, and in a multitude of animal cells of vertebrate and invertebrate origin. Presently, the classification MS, which encompasses stretch-activated (SA) and stretch-inactivated (SI) [38] and possibly other channels (Table 1), is merely phenomenological; procaryotic and eucaryotic MS channels, in particular, may be quite unrelated. Commonality of gating mode need not signify a common underlying mechanism. The fundamental biophysical question about MS channels--how does mechanical disturbance of
679 citations
TL;DR: In both fish and rat the compartmentation revealed by zebrin II immunocytochemistry is related to the organization of cerebellar afferent and efferent projections and may provide clues as to the fundamental architecture of the vertebrate cerebellum.
Abstract: Monoclonal antibody mab-zebrin II was generated against a crude homogenate of cerebellum and electrosensory lateral line lobe from the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus. On Western blots of fish cerebellar proteins, mab-zebrin II recognizes a single polypeptide antigen of apparent molecular weight 36 kD. Immunocytochemistry of apteronotid brains reveals that zebrin II immunoreactivity is confined exclusively to Purkinje cells in the corpus cerebelli, lateral valvula cerebelli, and the eminentia granularis anterior. Other Purkinje cells, in the medial valvula cerebelli and eminentia granularis posterior, are not zebrin II immunoreactive. Immunoreactive Purkinje cells are stained completely, including dendrites, axons, and somata. The antigen seems to be absent only from the nucleus. A similar distribution is seen in catfish, goldfish, and a mormyrid fish. Zebrin II immunoreactivity is also found in the rat cerebellum. Western blotting of rat cerebellar proteins reveals a single immunoreactive polypeptide, with apparent, molecular weight 36 kD, as in the fish. Also as in the fish, staining in the adult rat cerebellum is confined to a subset of Purkinje cells. Peroxidase reaction product is deposited throughout the immunoreactive Purkinje cells with the exception of the nucleus. No other cells in the cerebellum express zebrin II. At higher antibody concentrations, a weak glial cross reactivity is seen in most other brain regions: we believe that this is probably nonspecific. Zebrin II+ Purkinje cells are clustered together to form roughly parasagittal bands interposed by similar non-immunoreactive clusters. In all there are 7 zebrin II+ and 7 zebrin II− compartments in each hemicerebellum. One immunoreactive band is adjacent to the midline; two others are disposed laterally to each side in the vermis; there is a paravermal band; and finally three more bands are identified in each hemisphere. Both in number and position, these compartments correspond precisely to the bands revealed by using another antibody, mabQ113 (anti-zebrin I). In both fish and rat the compartmentation revealed by zebrin II immunocytochemistry is related to the organization of cerebellar afferent and efferent projections and may provide clues as to the fundamental architecture of the vertebrate cerebellum.
520 citations
TL;DR: Ext extrapolation to humans of results of studies of BAT requires the development of novel approaches to the noninvasive assessment of amount and function of human BAT.
Abstract: Energy expenditure for thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) serves either to maintain body temperature in the cold or to waste food energy. It has roles in thermal balance and energy balance, and when defective, is usually associated with obesity. BAT can grow or atrophy; it is usually atrophied in obese animals. Control of BAT thermogenesis and growth is by the sympathetic nervous system, with integration of signals in the hypothalamus. Sensory nerves may also be involved. Understanding the control of growth and differentiation of BAT is important for discovering how to reactivate it is obesity. Studies on control of gene expression in BAT are concentrating on thermogenically important components such as the uncoupling protein (which allows BAT mitochondria to operate in a thermogenic uncoupled mode), lipoprotein lipase (which allows BAT to compete with white adipose tissue for dietary lipid), and thyroxine 5'-deiodinase (which allows endogenous triiodothyronine generation, part of the control of ...
468 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of a static or dynamic electric field upon electronic motion in a molecule have been studied in terms of multipolar electronic polarizabilities and higher-order hyperpolarizabilities.
Abstract: For many years the effects of a static or dynamic electric field upon electronic motion in a molecule have been studied. These effects have been described in terms of multipolar electronic polarizabilities and higher-order hyperpolarizabilities. Much less attention, however, has been paid to the effects of an electric field upon vibrational and rotational motion. It is the aim of this review to consider, in some detail, these effects. As in the electronic work, they too will be described in terms of polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities (the latter being particularly important for the study of nonlinear optics). The theory will be developed so as to bring together the different methods that have been used in various calculations. Examples drawn from the recent literature will be discussed and it will be seen that in many cases vibrational and rotational changes with an electric field are as important as electronic ones, if not more so. Examples of experimental work relevant to this review include research on the Kerr effect, electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation, and third-harmonic generation.
422 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review experimental data, primarily spectroscopic, and theoretical treatments, primarily by methods developed for defects in solids, on the nature and consequences of self-trapped excitons.
392 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the conversion of Methane by Oxidative Coupling is discussed. But it is not discussed in detail in this paper, nor is it discussed in this article.
Abstract: (1990). Conversion of Methane by Oxidative Coupling. Catalysis Reviews: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 163-227.
389 citations
TL;DR: Kyphosis and thoracic compression fractures caused by osteoporosis produce modest but predictable declines in vital capacity in women, and there was a significant effect on FVC of the degree of hyperkyphosis as measured by Cobb's angle.
Abstract: To determine if the severity of osteoporosis and its resultant hyperkyphosis cause measurable impairment of lung function, 74 women referred for osteoporosis evaluation underwent pulmonary function testing. Women with thoracic wedge compression fractures secondary to osteoporosis had significantly lower percent predicted FVC than did those without fractures. In hierarchical regression analysis, after controlling for age and arm span, there was a significant effect on FVC of the degree of hyperkyphosis as measured by Cobb's angle (increment in R2 = 0.14, p less than 0.001). The addition of the number of vertebral fractures to the model was also significant (increment in R2 = 0.06, p less than 0.002), but cortical bone volume, bone mineral density, and smoking status did not significantly improve the model. From one half of subjects tested, a regression equation was generated relating %FVC and the number of thoracic fractures: %FVC = 103.4 - 9.4 x number of fractures. When used to predict lung function impairment in the second half of study subjects, the correlation between measured and %FVC was r = 0.59 (p less than 0.002). Kyphosis and thoracic compression fractures caused by osteoporosis produce modest but predictable declines in vital capacity in women.
379 citations
TL;DR: The vascular pattern of the supraspinatus tendon was studied in 18 human anatomic specimens and only a uniformly sparse vascular distribution was found at the articular side, as opposed to the well-vascularized bursal side.
Abstract: The vascular pattern of the supraspinatus tendon was studied in 18 human anatomic specimens. The ages of the specimens ranged from 26 to 84 years. Selective vascular injection with a silicon-rubber compound allowed visualization of the vascular bed of the rotator cuff and humeral head. The presence of a hypovascular or critical zone close to the insertion of the supraspinatus tendon into the humeral head was confirmed. However, only a uniformly sparse vascular distribution was found at the articular side, as opposed to the well-vascularized bursal side. This was also confirmed with histologic sections of the tendon. The poor vascularity of the tendon in this area could be a significant factor in the pathogenesis of degenerative rotator cuff tears.
361 citations
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of 46 studies of intervention programs for juvenile delinquents revealed a significant difference between programs that included a cognitive component and those that did not as mentioned in this paper, indicating that cognitive component was beneficial.
Abstract: A meta-analysis of 46 studies of intervention programs for juvenile delinquents revealed a significant difference between programs that included a cognitive component and those that did not. Cognit...
TL;DR: This paper describes a successful approach to concept learning for heuristic classification that has been applied to the domain of clinical audiology and achieved a competence level equaling that of human experts and far surpassing that of other machine learning programs.
TL;DR: Adolescent depression appears to respond to treatment but both mood disturbance and psychosocial adaptation problems persist, requiring active follow-through, but there were no significant group differences.
Abstract: Forty patients aged 13 to 18 years participated in a placebo-controlled double-blind study of fluoxetine. Fifteen subjects in each group completed the eight week study. Approximately two-thirds of the patients showed marked or moderate clinical global improvement with both fluoxetine and placebo. Fluoxetine was superior to placebo on all clinical measures except for sleep disorder, but the differences were not statistically significant. Thirty-two of the patients and their parents were interviewed after a mean follow-up interval of 24 months (range: 8-46 months). Mean age at follow-up was 18 years (range: 15-22 years). Both groups had shown further improvement at follow-up but there were no significant group differences. Independent of the study, 19 patients (59%) had received intervening treatment following study termination and nine patients (28%) were still in treatment. Adolescent depression appears to respond to treatment but both mood disturbance and psychosocial adaptation problems persist, requiring active follow-through.
TL;DR: It is concluded that chronic cortisol treatment enhances whole body Na+ and Cl− influxes by promoting proliferation of branchial chloride cells, indicating that the chloride cell is an important site of NaCl uptake in freshwater rainbow trout.
Abstract: Daily intramuscular injection of cortisol (4 mg kg−1 body weight) in rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri, for 10 days caused significant increases in the number and individual apical surface area of gill chloride cells per mm2 of filament epithelium. Concomitantly, whole body influxes of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) increased. Acute (3 h) intra-arterial infusion of cortisol did not affect whole body Na+ or Cl− influx. A significant correlation was observed between both Na+ and Cl− influxes and the fractional apical surface area of filament chloride cells in control, sham (saline-injected) and experimental (cortisol-injected) fish. The chloride cells displayed similar ultrastructural modifications in trout undergoing cortisol treatment as in trout transferred to ion-deficient water. These findings suggest the existence of structure/function relationships in which branchial chloride cell morphology is an important determinant of Na+ and Cl− transport capacity. We conclude that chronic cortisol treatment enhances whole body Na+ and Cl− influxes by promoting proliferation of branchial chloride cells. The results of correlation analysis indicate that the chloride cell is an important site of NaCl uptake in freshwater rainbow trout.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the evidence pertaining to the effects of imprisonment and pointed out the importance of individual differences in adapting to incarceration, and concluded that a situation-by-person approach may be the most fruitful research strategy.
Abstract: It has been widely assumed that prison is destructive to the psychological and emotional well-being of those it detains. However, this assumption has rarely been critically examined. The present report evaluated the evidence pertaining to the effects of imprisonment. Studies on the effects of prison crowding, long-term imprisonment and short-term detention, solitary confinement, death row, and the health risks associated with imprisonment provide inconclusive evidence regarding the “pains of imprisonment.” Rather, the evidence points to the importance of individual differences in adapting to incarceration. As the use of incarceration is unlikely to decrease in the near future, research on its effects is urgently needed and a situation-by-person approach may be the most fruitful research strategy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the equivalence constraint on intrasentential code-switching predicts that no code-switch should occur between verb and object in an SOV/SVO bilingual situation, and hence that objects whose language differs from that of the verb must be borrowed, if only for the nonce.
Abstract: Nonce borrowings in the speech of bilinguals differ from established loanwords in that they are not necessarily recurrent, widespread, or recognized by host language monolinguals. With established loanwords, however, they share the characteristics of morphological and syntactic integration into the host language and consist of single content words or compounds. Furthermore, both types of loanwords differ fro m intrasentential code-switching —alternate sentence fragments in the two languages, each of which is grammatical by monolingual standards from the standpoints of appropriate function words, morphology, and syntax. In a large corpus of Tamil-English bilingual speech, many words of English origin are found in objects governed by Tamil verbs and vice versa. The equivalence constraint on intrasentential code-switching predicts that no code-switch should occur between verb and object in an SOV/SVO bilingual situation, and hence that objects whose language differs from that of the verb must be borrowed, if only for the nonce. To verify this prediction, we compare quantitatively the distribution across various syntactic contexts of both native Tamil and English-origin complements of Tamil verbs, and find them to be parallel. But the strongest evidence in favor of the nonce borrowing hypothesis comes from an analysis of variable accusative and dative case marking in these complements, in which the English-origin material is shown, morphologically and syntactically, to be virtually indistinguishable from Tamil (nonpronominal) nouns. In addition, we present supporting evidence from the genitive, locative, and other cases and from nonce borrowings from Tamil into these speakers' English.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results indicate that [ 3H]paroxetine, but not [3H]imipramine, is a ligand of choice to selectively label serotonergic structures in brain.
Abstract: Binding of two different antidepressant drugs, [3H]paroxetine and [3H]imipramine in 30 rat brain regions was visualized, compared and quantified by means of autoradiography and densitometry. Specific binding of [3H]paroxetine to coronal sections of diencephalon represented 85% of total binding and was saturable and of high affinity (KD, 0.36 +/- 0.07 nM) with a maximum number of binding sites of 276 +/- 41 fmol/mg protein. The autoradiograms showed a heterogenous distribution of [3H]paroxetine in brain with selective accumulation of label in brain regions known to contain serotonergic terminals, axons and cell bodies (amygdaloid and raphe nuclei, superior colliculus, substantia nigra and medial forebrain bundle). Binding was displaced selectively with other serotonin uptake inhibitors (clomipramine and fluoxetine) and almost abolished by lesioning the serotonergic neurons with p-chloroamphetamine. The desipramine-sensitive [3H]imipramine binding was more diffuse with relatively high density in cerebral cortex and hippocampus and was only decreased partially in animals treated with p-chloroamphetamine. The results indicate that [3H]paroxetine, but not [3H]imipramine, is a ligand of choice to selectively label serotonergic structures in brain.
TL;DR: In four data sets investigating the variability of algae, bacteria, and P among lakes, bacterial abundance was more closely related to P concentration than to chlorophyll, indicating that algal-bacterial competition for P does not determine algal or bacterial abundance.
Abstract: The literature suggests two models describing the relationship between phyto- and bacterioplankton abundance in freshwater: that total P abundance determines algal abundance, which in turn determines bacterial abundance, or that algae and bacteria compete for P. In four data sets investigating the variability of algae, bacteria, and P among lakes, bacterial abundance was more closely related to P concentration than to chlorophyll. Bacterial abundance was strongly related to the residuals of the Chl-P relationship, explaining 18-65% of the residual variance. The partial correlation is positive, however, indicating that algal-bacterial competition for P does not determine algal or bacterial abundance. The data are most consistent with an alternative model postulating that P directly influences both algal and bacterial abundance, that algae and bacteria directly influence each other’s abundance, and that a third factor (temperature or perhaps bacterivore abundance) also influences both algal and bacterial abundance in the same manner. Abundances and activities of planktonic organisms vary enormously. This variation is evident on several different spatio-temporal scales: seasonal, interannual, spatial variation within individual lakes, and interlake variation. Undoubtedly, many factors influence this variation; yet at particular scales of time and space most of the variability in plankton abundance can usually be related to small number of factors. Consider, for example, the phytoplankton. Phytoplankton abundance may be influenced by nutrient availability, grazers, interactions with bacteria, sinking, temperature, light levels, parasites, allelopathy, and water-column physics (Kalff and Knoechel 1978; Harris 1986). Most of the variability in phytoplankton abundance among lakes, however, and some of the variability among years, has been clearly shown to be related to variations in total P (TP) concentration
TL;DR: There is a good deal of evidence, particularly from electrodermal and electrocortical recording procedures, that introverts exhibit greater reactivity to sensory stimulation than extraverts, and individual differences in the expression of motor activity between introverts and extraverts involve differences in motoneuronal excitability.
Abstract: There is a good deal of evidence, particularly from electrodermal and electrocortical recording procedures, that introverts exhibit greater reactivity to sensory stimulation than extraverts. There is little evidence that introverts and extraverts differ in base level of arousal in neutral conditions, and there is no clear evidence that their differences in sensitivity to stimulation are determined by differences in attentional state. Faster auditory brainstem evoked response latencies observed for introverts implicate differences in peripheral sensory processes that are not determined by mechanisms in the reticular system as proposed in the arousal hypothesis. There is also evidence that individual differences in the expression of motor activity between introverts and extraverts involve differences in motoneuronal excitability.
15 Jan 1990
TL;DR: It is proposed that Kupffer cell-derived TGF beta is, at least in part, responsible for some of phenotypical changes of Ito cells associated with their activation in the Tsukamoto-French rat model.
TL;DR: It is proved that the internal representations obtained by such procedures are linearly separable and compare favourably with results of other growth algorithms.
Abstract: We consider a perceptron with Ni input units, one output and a yet unspecified number of hidden units. This perceptron must be able to learn a given but arbitrary set of input-output examples. By sequential learning we mean that groups of patterns, pertaining to the same class, are sequentially separated from the rest by successively adding hidden units until the remaining patterns are all in the same class. We prove that the internal representations obtained by such procedures are linearly separable. Preliminary numerical tests of an algorithm implementing these ideas are presented and compare favourably with results of other growth algorithms.
TL;DR: The variational results are practically identical to the exact energies, except in the high-screening region, where the critical screening parameter is calculated by a numerical solution of the wave equation.
Abstract: A detailed study of the bound-state properties of the Hulth\'en potential is presented. Accurate eigenenergies are obtained for the Hulth\'en potential by numerical integration of the Schr\"odinger equation. One-parameter variational calculations are carried out. The variational results are practically identical to the exact energies, except in the high-screening region. The critical screening parameter is calculated for various values of l for n\ensuremath{\le}10 by a numerical solution of the wave equation. The energy eigenvalues obtained by a variety of methods are compared and discussed. The variational wave functions are employed to calculate absorption oscillator strengths for 1s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2p, 1s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3p, and 2p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3d transitions.
TL;DR: It is suggested that adjuvant therapy be withheld from patients with well‐differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum (WDPMP) unless there is clear evidence of progression.
Abstract: Twenty-two cases of well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum (WDPMP) are described. Eighteen of the 22 patients were women. The peritoneal tumor was usually multifocal. Many of the tumors appear to be indolent or inactive and for practical purposes are benign. However, a few patients receiving adjuvant therapy have died under circumstances that make it difficult to determine whether the tumor was responsible for the death. It is suggested that adjuvant therapy be withheld from patients with WDPMP, unless there is clear evidence of progression. The cause of these rare tumors is not apparent, although three patients had had possible exposure to asbestos and two were sisters.
TL;DR: The amplitude of the ASSR appears to provide a more reliable indicator of the level of consciousness than the EEG, and was reduced significantly at the end of the induction period and decreased below noise levels during surgical anesthesia.
Abstract: The 40-Hz auditory steady-state evoked response (ASSR) is a sinusoidal electrical response of the brain to periodically presented auditory stimuli. It was recorded during anesthesia in 10 elective surgical patients to evaluate its usefulness as a measure of the level of consciousness. The anesthetic agents used were thiopental, fentanyl, and isoflurane with or without nitrous oxide. Recordings were carried out during the period before induction and during induction, surgical anesthesia, emergence, and recovery from anesthesia. The level of consciousness was measured with an auditory stimulus detection task. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was also recorded for comparison with the ASSR. The following indices were analyzed: total EEG power, relative power in the beta, alpha, theta, and delta frequency bands, and the median and spectral edge frequency. The amplitude of the ASSR was reduced significantly at the end of the induction period and decreased below noise levels during surgical anesthesia. It increased significantly during emergence and recovery. The amplitude during recovery remained significantly smaller than the preinduction values. The changes of the ASSR paralleled those of the level of consciousness. The EEG measurements were distorted by the presence of muscle artifacts that were prominent during emergence and recovery. The amplitude of the ASSR appears to provide a more reliable indicator of the level of consciousness than the EEG.
TL;DR: Of the 20 formulations tested, only 2% glutaraldehyde, a quaternary ammonium formulation containing 23% HCl (toilet bowl cleaner), and sodium hypochlorite (greater than 5,000 ppm] of free chlorine reduced the virus titer by greater than 99.9%; phenolics, iodine-based products, alcohols, and solutions of acetic, peracetic, citric, and phosphoric acids were unable to do so.
Abstract: Hepatitis A virus disinfection was assessed on contaminated stainless-steel disks. Ten microliters of fecally suspended hepatitis A virus was deposited on the center of each disk, dried for 20 min, and then covered with 20 microliters of the test product for 1 min. Of the 20 formulations tested, only 2% glutaraldehyde, a quaternary ammonium formulation containing 23% HCl (toilet bowl cleaner), and sodium hypochlorite (greater than 5,000 ppm [greater than 5,000 micrograms/ml] of free chlorine) reduced the virus titer by greater than 99.9%; phenolics, iodine-based products, alcohols, and solutions of acetic, peracetic, citric, and phosphoric acids were unable to do so.
TL;DR: In this paper, a vibrational spectroscopic method was used to study silanol groups which have been modified after reaction with a variety of very reactive hydrogen sequestering agents (D2O, ZnMe2, BCl3, TiCl4, AlMe3, GaMe3 and BEt3).
Abstract: Chemical modification of the silica surface can provide a powerful method for probing the nature of the surface hydroxyl groups and how these might be modified via thermal activation. In the present paper, it is shown how vibrational spectroscopic methods (infrared and Raman) can be used to study silanol groups which have been modified after reaction with a variety of very reactive hydrogen sequestering agents (D2O, ZnMe2, BCl3, TiCl4, AlMe3, GaMe3, BEt3 and (SiMe3)2NH), having differing steric dimensions and it is demonstrated that a nearly complete vibrational spectrum for some of the corresponding new surface species can be obtained. With the use of fast scanning FTIR spectroscopy, spectra were able to be recorded in less than a second and the application of these time-resolved methods has been used to probe differences in the reactivity of isolated and H-bonded silanol groups. The spectroscopic evidence suggests that the ability of a reactant to react bifunctionally, i.e. to react with more than one SiOH group, is important in determining the initial reactivity of the H-bonded silanols relative to those that are isolated or non-H-bonded. Further, the number of inaccessible and H-bonded silanols that do not react increases as the apparent size of the reactant molecule increases, regardless of whether the reactant can react bifunctionally. Finally, for the larger probe molecules used ((SiMe3)2NH and BEt3), the new chemisorbed surface species block other H-bonded silanols and prevent them from reacting with either of these probes.
TL;DR: This study reports on the laboratory elicitation of sublexical speech errors by means of tongue twisters and indicates that traditional methods of data collection on which most speech error corpora are based are inadequate.
Abstract: Speech error data have been used to argue for the psychological reality of distinctive features and phonemes as well as the hierarchical ordering levels of processing for speech production. The models of production that have emerged from analysis of these data are nearly unanimous in characterizing (implicitly or explicitly) the motor output level as entirely governed by prior selection and processing of larger units, especially the phoneme. This study reports on the laboratory elicitation of sublexical speech errors by means of tongue twisters. Simultaneous audio and electromyographic recordings were analyzed. Where possible, single‐motor unit discrimination was carried out to preclude the possibility of signal contamination by activation of adjacent musculature. The results indicate that traditional methods of data collection on which most speech error corpora are based are inadequate. Production models based on these corpora are not supported by the electromyographic data and must accordingly be revised.
TL;DR: This paper examined the effect of media coverage of criminal sentencing on public opinion about sentencing and found that most people derive their information about sentencing from the news media and content analyses of news stories in Canada and the United States demonstrate that crimes of violence and sentences of imprisonment are overrepresented.
Abstract: Opinion polls in Canada, the United States, Great Britain, Australia, and elsewhere suggest that most members of the public would like their criminal courts to be harsher. Does media coverage of criminal sentencing contribute to a preference for harsher sentencing? Most people derive their information about sentencing from the news media and content analyses of news stories in Canada and the United States demonstrate that crimes of violence and sentences of imprisonment are overrepresented. Moreover, the news media provide little systematic information about the sentencing process or its underlying principles. This article reports the results of three studies examining the effects of media coverage on public opinion about sentencing. Subjects who read actual newspaper stories about sentencing that appeared in Canadian newspapers rated most reported sentences as too lenient. However, the specific account they read influenced their leniency judgments. Furthermore, in one experiment, participants assigned to read a newspaper account of a sentencing decision supported harsher sentences than participants who read a summary of actual court documents from the sentencing hearing.