Showing papers by "University of Rhode Island published in 1988"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present evidence from a survey of 872 employees of four firms that ethical work climates are both multidimensional and multidetermined, and that there is variance in the ethical climate within organizations by position, tenure, and workgroup membership.
Abstract: This research was funded through the Interdisciplinary Program in Applied Ethics, College of Law, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, by a grant from the Peter Kiewit Sons, Inc. Foundation and the Peter Kiewit Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the valuable guidance and insights provided by Marshall Meyer and four anonymous ASQ reviewers. We would also like to thank Tomoaki Sakano and Daniel Ganster for their helpful comments during the formative stages of this manuscript. Using a modification of a recently developed measure of ethical climates, this paper presents evidence from a survey of 872 employees of four firms that ethical work climates are both multidimensional and multidetermined. The study demonstrates that organizations have distinct types of ethical climates and that there is variance in the ethical climate within organizations by position, tenure, and workgroup membership. Five empirically derived dimensions of ethical climate are described: law and code, caring, instrumentalism, independence, and rules. Analyses of variance reveal significant differences in ethical climates both across and within firms. A theory of ethical climates is developed from organization and economic theory to describe the determinants of ethical climates in organizations. In particular, the sociocultural environment, organizational form, and organization-specific history are identified as determinants of the ethical climates in organizations. The implications of ethical climate for organizational theory are also discussed.'
1,757 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present new data from nine localities and demonstrate that a positive excursion in the carbon isotope composition of organic carbon at or near the C/T boundary is nearly synchronous with that for carbonate and is widespread throughout the Tethys and Atlantic basins.
Abstract: Perhaps the most significant event in the Cretaceous record of the carbon isotope composition of carbonate1,2, other than the 1–2.5 ‰ negative shift in the carbon isotope composition of calcareous plankton at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary3, is the rapid global positive excursion of ∼2 ‰ (13C enrichment) which took place between ∼91.5 Myr and 90.3 Myr (late Cenomanian to earliest Turonian (C/T boundary event))1,4,5. This excursion has been attributed to a change in the isotope composition of the marine total dissolved carbon (TDC) reservoir resulting from an increase in rate of burial of 13C-depleted organic carbon, which coincided with a major global rise in sea level5 during the so-called C/T oceanic anoxic event (OAE)6. Here we present new data, from nine localities, which demonstrate that a positive excursion in the carbon isotope composition of organic carbon at or near the C/T boundary7,8 is nearly synchronous with that for carbonate and is widespread throughout the Tethys and Atlantic basins (Fig. 1), as well as in more high-latitude epicontinental seas. The postulated increase in the rate of burial of organic carbon may have had a significant effect on CO2 and O2 concentrations in the oceans and atmosphere, and consequent effects on global climate and sedimentary facies.
567 citations
TL;DR: In this article, high-resolution images covering large areas of the seafloor reveal numerous discontinuities along the mid-ocean ridge, which are transient and persist for millions of years, disrupting the structural and geochemical character of approximately 20% of the oceanic lithosphere.
Abstract: High-resolution images covering large areas of the seafloor reveal numerous discontinuities along the mid-ocean ridge. These discontinuities occur at a range of scales (10–1,000 km) and define a fundamental segmentation of seafloor spreading centres. Some are transient; others persist for millions of years, migrating along the mid-ocean ridge and disrupting the structural and geochemical character of approximately 20% of the oceanic lithosphere.
446 citations
TL;DR: Although freshwater and marine systems both receive light and heat energy from the sun and are mixed by the wind, only marine systems receive additional mechanical energy from wind as discussed by the authors, which is very small relative to the flux of solar energy but may exceed that from wind.
Abstract: Although freshwater and marine systems both receive light and heat energy from the sun and are mixed by the wind, only marine systems receive additional mechanical energy from the tide. This input is very small relative to the flux of solar energy but may exceed that from wind. Some obvious physical consequences of this additional energy input include the development of intertidal habitats, the presence of stronger currents, and more vigorous vertical mixing. It is argued that these (and perhaps other) consequences lead to coastal marine ecosystems which differ in a number of important ways from temperate lakes. There is some evidence that coastal marine systems generally maintain a larger standing crop of benthic animals and that these fauna are more effective in mixing the bottom sediments. As a result of better sediment mixing (and perhaps warmer and better oxygenated bottom water), organic matter deposited on the bottom of coastal marine areas may be more completely metabolized and less C, N, and P retained than in lake sediments. Materials that are more tightly bound to particles, like many metals, may behave similarly in lake and marine sediments. Although many lakes are strong sinks for nutrients and metals, marine bays and estuaries may bc much less effective in retaining nutrients. A major consequence of the input of tidal energy appears to be a more intensive yield of fish from marinc systems compared with temperate lakes. The data suggest that this more intense yield is not due to the size or interconnection of marine areas or to higher primary production. Rather, the efficiency of transfer of primary production to fish appears to be greater. Tropical lakes appear more like marine systems in this regard, and this may be related to lower thermal stability and more efficient wind energy transfer because of a small Coriolis effect at low latitudes.
351 citations
TL;DR: Pore water chemistry (total dissolved CO 2, NH 4, NO 3, NO 2, PO 4, Si(OH) 4, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, SO 4, H 2 S and F, and titration alkalinity) and sediment characteristics (porosity, dry bulk density and formation factors) were determined on a centimeter-scale spacing in the upper 20-40 cm of sediments under intense upwelling areas on the Peru continental shelf as discussed by the authors.
337 citations
274 citations
TL;DR: Dimethylsulfide (DMS), sulfur dioxide (SO2), methanesulfonate (MSA), nonsea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42−), sodium (Na+), ammonium (NH4+), and nitrate (NO3−) were determined in samples collected by aircraft over the open ocean in postfrontal maritime air masses off the northwest coast of the United States (3-12 May 1985). Measurements of radon daughter concentrations and isentropic trajectory calculations suggested that these air masses had been over the Pacific
Abstract: Dimethylsulfide (DMS), sulfur dioxide (SO2), methanesulfonate (MSA), nonsea-salt sulfate (nss-SO4
2−), sodium (Na+), ammonium (NH4
+), and nitrate (NO3
−) were determined in samples collected by aircraft over the open ocean in postfrontal maritime air masses off the northwest coast of the United States (3–12 May 1985). Measurements of radon daughter concentrations and isentropic trajectory calculations suggested that these air masses had been over the Pacific for 4–8 days since leaving the Asian continent. The DMS and MSA profiles showed very similar structures, with typical concentrations of 0.3–1.2 and 0.25–0.31 nmol m−3 (STP) respectively in the mixed layer, decreasing to 0.01–0.12 and 0.03–0.13 nmol m−3 (STP) at 3.6 km. These low atmospheric DMS concentrations are consistent with low levels of DMS measured in the surface waters of the northeastern Pacific during the study period. The atmospheric SO2 concentrations always increased with altitude from <0.16–0.25 to 0.44–1.31 nmol m−3 (STP). The nonsea-salt sulfate (ns-SO4
2−) concentrations decreased with altitude in the boundary layer and increased again in the free troposphere. These data suggest that, at least under the conditions prevailing during our flights, the production of SO2 and nss-SO4
2− from DMS oxidation was significant only within the boundary layer and that transport from Asia dominated the sulfur cycle in the free troposphere. The existence of a ‘sea-salt inversion layer’ was reflected in the profiles of those aerosol components, e.g., Na+ and NO3
−, which were predominantly present as coarse particles. Our results show that long-range transport at mid-tropospheric levels plays an important role in determining the chemical composition of the atmosphere even in apparently ‘remote’ northern hemispheric regions.
255 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a coordinated effort, Asian Dust Input to the Oceanic System (ADIOS), which simultaneously measured mineral fluxes in the atmosphere and upper water column during such an event.
Abstract: Several recent studies have shown that large quantities of mineral dust from eastern Asia are transported through the atmosphere to the North Pacific each spring1–5. The paucity of information on mineral fluxes during individual dust events prompted a coordinated effort, Asian Dust Input to the Oceanic System (ADIOS), which simultaneously measured mineral fluxes in the atmosphere and upper water column during such an event. In March 1986 a major dust outbreak in China moved over the North Pacific Ocean and was detected downstream using changes in particle number, size and composition. Most striking was the presence of 'giant' (>75-μm) silica minerals found in atmospheric as well as water-column samples at the ADIOS sampling site (26° N, 155° W). Their appearance more than 10,000 km from their source cannot be explained using currently acknowledged atmospheric transport mechanisms. Furthermore, the large wind-blown minerals that dominated our samples are extremely rare in the long-term sedimentary record in the North Pacific.
249 citations
TL;DR: A new genus and species, Aureococcus anophagefferens is described, consistent with that of the Chrysophyceae, and natural populations of picoplankton, obtained from the height of the bloom until its decline were examined.
Abstract: Observations of a marked cessation of feeding in filter feeding animals maintained in flowing Narragansett Bay seawater in June 1985 drew our attention to a bloom of a golden alga 2 μm in diameter at unprecedented populations of 109 cells. L−1. This picoplankter lacked morphological features useful in discriminating it from other similar sized forms with either phase contrast or epifluorescence light microscopy. Natural populations of picoplankton, obtained from the height of the bloom until its decline, were examined in thin section with transmission electron microscopy. A cell with a single chloroplast, nucleus, and mitochondrion and an unusual exocellular polysaccharide-like layer was apparently the bloom alga. The ultrastructure of this alga is consistent with that of the Chrysophyceae, and a new genus and species, Aureococcus anophagefferens is described.
Attempts to grow this previously unrecognized picoplanktonic alga as an obligate phototroph failed and only yielded cultures of other previously described picoalgae. Facultative and obligate phagotrophic protists with ingested cells of Aureococcus were only observed as the bloom waned and minute diatoms became common. Cells of A. anophagefferens with virus particles typical for picoalgae occurred throughout the bloom. Populations of the usually dominant photosynthetic picoplankter, the cyanobacterium Synechococcus Nageli, were depressed during the bloom. This could be due in part to selective grazing on Synechococcus rather than Aureococcus by elevated populations of Calycomonas ovalis Wulff which accompanied the algal bloom.
237 citations
TL;DR: These two models for isotopic and elemental fractionation provide a basis for understanding the initial enrichments of carbon-13 and oxygen-18 in trapped CO2, CH4, and O2 in ice cores, which must be known in order to decipher ancient atmospheric isotopic ratios.
Abstract: Atmospheric gases trapped in polar ice at the firn to ice transition layer are enriched in heavy isotopes (nitrogen-15 and oxygen-18) and in heavy gases (O2/N2 and Ar/N2 ratios) relative to the free atmosphere. The maximum enrichments observed follow patterns predicted for gravitational equilibrium at the base of the firn layer, as calculated from the depth to the transition layer and the temperature in the firn. Gas ratios exhibit both positive and negative enrichments relative to air: the negative enrichments of heavy gases are consistent with observed artifacts of vacuum stripping of gases from fractured ice and with the relative values of molecular diameters that govern capillary transport. These two models for isotopic and elemental fractionation provide a basis for understanding the initial enrichments of carbon-13 and oxygen-18 in trapped CO2, CH4, and O2 in ice cores, which must be known in order to decipher ancient atmospheric isotopic ratios.
224 citations
TL;DR: The combination of the decisional balance and stages of change models appears to offer a powerful tool for relating two important elements in an integrated theory of how change occurs naturally, and how it could be enhanced through planned treatment.
Abstract: Two studies were conducted to explore the cognitive and motivational aspects related to progression through the stages of intentional change in weight loss and control. Study I developed a Decision...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the cross-sectional shape of the ridge segment of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) is correlated with the phase of a magmatic cycle along a given ridge segment.
TL;DR: In this article, high-resolution Sea Beam bathymetry and Sea MARC I side scan sonar data have been obtained in the MARK area, a 100 km-long portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley south of the Kane Fracture Zone.
Abstract: High-resolution Sea Beam bathymetry and Sea MARC I side scan sonar data have been obtained in the MARK area, a 100-km-long portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valley south of the Kane Fracture Zone. These data reveal a surprisingly complex rift valley structure that is composed of two distinct spreading cells which overlap to create a small, zero-offset transform or discordant zone. The northern spreading cell consists of a magmatically robust, active ridge segment 40–50 km in length that extends from the eastern Kane ridge-transform intersection south to about 23°12′ N. The rift valley in this area is dominated by a large constructional volcanic ridge that creates 200–500 m of relief and is associated with high-temperature hydrothermal activity. The southern spreading cell is characterized by a NNE-trending band of small (50–200 m high), conical volcanos that are built upon relatively old, fissured and sediment-covered lavas, and which in some cases are themselves fissured and faulted. This cell appears to be in a predominantly extensional phase with only small, isolated eruptions. These two spreading cells overlap in an anomalous zone between 23°05′ N and 23°17′ N that lacks a well-developed rift valley or neovolcanic zone, and may represent a slow-spreading ridge analogue to the overlapping spreading centers found at the East Pacific Rise. Despite the complexity of the MARK area, volcanic and tectonic activity appears to be confined to the 10–17 km wide rift valley floor. Block faulting along near-vertical, small-offset normal faults, accompanied by minor amounts of back-tilting (generally less than 5°), begins within a few km of the ridge axis and is largely completed by the time the crust is transported up into the rift valley walls. Features that appear to be constructional volcanic ridges formed in the median valley are preserved largely intact in the rift mountains. Mass-wasting and gullying of scarp faces, and sedimentation which buries low-relief seafloor features, are the major geological processes occurring outside of the rift valley. The morphological and structural heterogeneity within the MARK rift valley and in the flanking rift mountains documented in this study are largely the product of two spreading cells that evolve independently to the interplay between extensional tectonism and episodic variations in magma production rates.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors determined diatom abundance and assemblage composition for 169 surface sediment samples from the Portuguese margin, an area where seasonal upwelling occurs each year from April to October.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present petrographic and major element geochemical data from modern Peru margin upper slope-outer shelf phosphorites, which provide insight into their origin and paragenetic relationship with other authigenic minerals (glauconite, pyrite, and dolomite) occurring in organic-rich sediments.
TL;DR: Subsequently during early and middle Miocene times subsidence was rapid and uniform along and across the entire rift basin and open marine sedimentation occurred across all structural regimes as discussed by the authors, and the accumulation of such a thick sequence of sediments during a phase of decreased tectonic subsidence is interpreted as a filling-in of the rift topography which developed during the earlier period of rapid subsidence and rift shoulder uplift and continued compaction.
TL;DR: Seasonal abundance and dormancy were examined in field-collected spores of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) Gigaspora gigantea, indicating that the majority of spores were formed in late summer and fall.
Abstract: Seasonal abundance and dormancy were examined in field-collected spores of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) Gigaspora gigantea. Monthly collections of soil were made from a sand d...
TL;DR: It is shown that when given enough time to establish a state of colonization, E. coli F-18col- persists in feces in high numbers despite subsequent challenge by E. bacteria, suggesting that the strain derived from it which does not make the E. Escherichia coli colicin can resist elimination by the latter if it is allowed enough time within the mucus layer.
Abstract: The relative colonizing abilities of Escherichia coli F-18, isolated from the feces of a healthy human, and E. coli F-18col-, a strain derived from it which does not make the E. coli F-18 colicin, were studied. In a previous report, it was shown that when each strain was fed individually to streptomycin-treated mice, at approximately 10(10) CFU per mouse, each colonized the large intestine at between 10(7) and 10(8) CFU/g of feces indefinitely. However, when simultaneously fed to mice, although E. coli F-18 colonized at about 10(8) CFU/g of feces, E. coli F-18col- dropped to a level of 10(3) CFU/g of feces within 3 to 5 days. In the present investigation, we show that when given enough time to establish a state of colonization, E. coli F-18col- persists in feces in high numbers despite subsequent challenge by E. coli F-18. Therefore, a major defect in the ability of E. coli F-18col- to colonize in the presence of E. coli F-18 appears to be in initiating that state. In addition, when mucus was scraped from the cecal wall and, without further treatment, was inoculated with E. coli F-18 or F-18col-, both strains grew well. However, when cecal mucus was inoculated with both strains simultaneously, E. coli F-18 grew far more rapidly than E. coli F-18col-. Moreover, neither strain grew in cecal luminal contents. Together, these data suggest the possibility that both E. coli F-18 and F-18col- must grow in mucus to colonize the streptomycin-treated mouse large intestine, that E. coli F-18col- is eliminated by E. coli F-18 because it does not grow in mucus as well as E. coli F-18, and that E. coli F-18col- can resist elimination by E. coli F-18 if it is allowed enough time to establish itself within the mucus layer.
TL;DR: Rea et al. as discussed by the authors used a 30,000-year record of eolian deposition in the northwestern Pacific Ocean to provide a history of aridity of the Asian source region and information on the changing latitude and intensity of the zonal westerlies.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors attempted to assess whether treatment has in fact been sufficiently tarnished that it no longer constitutes a viable rationale for criminal sanctioning, based on a survey of an Illinois community.
TL;DR: This article examined the structure of job satisfaction among New England fishermen using three different measures, including age, education, years of fishing experience, type of fishing, ethnicity, and home port.
Abstract: This article examines the structure of job satisfaction among New England fishermen using three different measures. The various measures of job satisfaction were found to be complexly related to other sociocultural variables such as age, education, years of fishing experience, type of fishing, ethnicity, and home port. The policy implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to fishery development and management.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relative performance of four decision strategies under differing levels of task complexity, and found that the more efficient decision makers were those who used a reduced processing strategy such as elimination by aspects when faced with a complex decision task.
TL;DR: In this article, the life history and large-scale changes of a Meddy were observed by identifying a specific Meddy, and carefully mapping it and seeding it with Sofar floats.
Abstract: Subsurface coherent vortices called Meddies1 are formed by the outflow of salty water from the Mediterranean Sea1,2 into the North Atlantic. In October 1984 we began a study to observe the life history and large-scale changes of a Meddy by identifying a specific Meddy, and carefully mapping it and seeding it with Sofar floats3. (These neutrally buoyant floats are tracked acoustically and can be located aboard ship.) As this Meddy moved southward across the Madeira Abyssal plain, it was resurveyed three more times during a span of two years. Being able to find this same lens (100km in diameter) on successive surveys was itself a unique achievement that allowed us to observe the Meddy evolution and to gain new insight into the importance of different mixing mechanisms that cause Meddy decay. We find evidence of mixing by at least three processes: (1) lateral mixing by the exchange of layers of water ('thermohaline intrusions')4,5, (2) vertical mixing at the underside of the lens by salt fingers6 and (3) mixing by turbulence. Together these cause the net heat and salt anomalies to decay with an e-folding time of about one year. Despite the mixing, the relative vorticity at the core remained constant for the first year and the Meddy retained its coherent shape over a two-year period.
TL;DR: The trace element composition of basalts dredged at the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 12°N and 17°N by the R/V “Akademik Boris Petrov” demonstrates the presence of a high-amplitude geochemical anomaly, centered around 14°N, and extending at least 300 km along the strike of the Rift Valley.
TL;DR: A series of one-way analyses of variance with repeated measures showed significant overall medication effects on MFFT performance, teacher ratings of children's self-control, on-task behavior, and academic efficiency scores, as well as the relative contribution of gross body weight to drug responsiveness.
Abstract: The present investigation examined the effects of methylphenidate on impulsivity in children with Attention Deficit Disorder/Hyperactivity (ADDH) in school and on their Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT) performance in a clinic setting. Twenty-two children with ADDH between 6 and 10 years of age participated in a double-blind, placebo-control, within-subject (crossover) design in which each child received four doses of methylphenidate (5, 10, 15, 20 mg) and a placebo in a randomly assigned, counterbalanced sequence. A one-way multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures demonstrated a highly significant effect on the five dependent measures. A series of one-way analyses of variance with repeated measures showed significant overall medication effects on MFFT performance (error and latency), teacher ratings of children's self-control, on-task behavior, and academic efficiency scores. With the exception of MFFT latency, all measures were highly sensitive to between-dose differences. Trend analyses revealed a significant linear relationship between improvement on the clinic and classroom measures and increasing dose. Intermediate and molecular level analyses were conducted to examine the idiosyncratic and task-specific behavior exhibited across doses, as well as the relative contribution of gross body weight to drug responsiveness. The implications of these results for psychopharmacological research and clinical practice are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe product costing procedures which are intended to form the basis for a design analysis method for product design for efficient manufacture (DFM), and illustrate this approach for two important manufacturing processes; namely, machining and injection molding.
TL;DR: The data show that the nonflagellated and nonchemotactic derivatives colonized large intestine nearly as well as their parent and were far better colonizers than the LPS-deficient mutant, that all the strains grew equally well in cecal mucus but did not grow incecal luminal contents, and that cecan mucus-grown strains lost tumbling and swimming activities.
Abstract: Previously, it had been shown that an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium, SL5316, with wild-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was a far better colonizer of the streptomycin-treated CD-1 mouse large intestine, was far more motile, did not bind to mouse intestinal mucus nearly as well as, but penetrated through a layer of intestinal mucus in vitro far better than an almost isogenic LPS-deficient transductant, SL5325. In the present investigation, a nonflagellated transductant, SL5681, and a nonchemotactic transductant, SL5784, were isolated from SL5316 and tested for relative colonizing ability versus SL5316 (smooth) and SL5325 (rough) in streptomycin-treated mice. In addition, the Salmonella strains were tested for their ability to grow together in cecal intestinal mucus and in cecal luminal contents, for their tumbling and swimming activities after growth in cecal mucus, and for their ability to adhere to and travel through cecal mucus in vitro. The data show that the nonflagellated and nonchemotactic derivatives colonized large intestine nearly as well as their parent and were far better colonizers than the LPS-deficient mutant, that all the strains grew equally well in cecal mucus but did not grow in cecal luminal contents, and that cecal mucus-grown strains lost tumbling and swimming activities. Furthermore, the LPS-deficient strain adhered to cecal mucus far better but penetrated mucus far worse than did the nonflagellated transductant, the nonchemotactic transductant, and the parent. Thus, motility and chemotaxis do not appear to play a major role in the ability of the avirulent S. typhimurium strains to colonize the mouse large intestine, colonization may require growth in cecal mucus but does not depend on growth in cecal luminal contents, growth in cecal mucus inhibits S. typhimurium motility, and increased adhesion of the LPS-deficient mutant to cecal mucus and its poor ability to penetrate cecal mucus may play a role in its poor intestine-colonizing ability.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used multichannel seismic reflection profiling to map the distribution of a bright, shallow reflector associated with an axial magma chamber and found that it is neither continuous across the 9°03' OSC6, nor separated into two parallel bodies.
Abstract: Detailed studies of the morphology of the East Pacific Rise axis have shown that its linearity is disrupted by many small but distinct non-transform offsets, including overlapping spreading centres (OSCs) and deviations from axial linearity (devals), which display variable geochemical signals1–9. Using multichannel seismic reflection profiling, we have mapped the distribution of a bright, shallow reflector that Detrick et al.10 have associated with an axial magma chamber. We have found that it is neither continuous across the 9°03' OSC6, nor separated into two parallel bodies2, and that its lateral offset does not conform to that of the topographic offset associated with the 9° 17' deval. These observations provide important insight into a causative relationship between morphological and petrological segmentation in this region of the East Pacific Rise, and we speculate that the discontinuities may be the morphological response to fluctuations in the spatial pattern of magma delivery.
TL;DR: In this paper, an inline array of parallel circular cylinders, placed transverse to the flow, is used as a model for fibrous filters, and the flow field within the array is obtained by solving the full Navier-Stokes equations with the assumption of periodic, fully developed flow.
Abstract: An inline array of parallel circular cylinders, placed transverse to the flow, is used as a model for fibrous filters. The flow field within the array is obtained by solving the full Navier—Stokes equations with the assumption of periodic, fully developed flow. A control volume differencing scheme is used for this purpose. The flow field can be computed for both the viscous and laminar flow regimes. Predictions of pressure drop and particle collection due to interception and diffusion have been obtained using the inline array model, for packing densities varying from 0.029 to 0.136. The collection efficiency for deposition due to interception is directly calculated from the computed flow field. The deposition or particles due to diffusion is studied by numerically solving a separate transport equation for particle concentration, without making any boundary layer approximations. The results have been compared with the data from previous studies, both theoretical and experimental. It is shown that the resul...