University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire

About: University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire is a education organization based out in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Poison control & Population. The organization has 1780 authors who have published 2690 publications receiving 93094 citations. The organization is also known as: UW-Eau Claire & University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire.

Discounting of delayed health gains and losses by current, never- and ex-smokers of cigarettes

Abstract: Recent evidence implicates steep discounting of delayed outcomes as an important feature of drug dependence. We determined discounting rates for health gains and health losses in current cigarette smokers (n = 23), never-smokers (n = 22) and ex-smokers (n = 21). Participants indicated preference for immediate vs. delayed hypothetical health gains and for immediate vs. delayed hypothetical health losses in a titration procedure that determined indifference points at a range of delays. The degree of discounting was estimated using two nonlinear decay models: an exponential model and a hyperbolic model. The hyperbolic equation generally provided better fits to the data than the exponential equation did. Current smokers discounted delayed health gains and health losses more steeply than never-smokers did. Discounting by ex-smokers was generally intermediate to that of current smokers and never-smokers, although not statistically different from either. Current smokers and ex-smokers discounted delayed health losses more steeply than they did health gains. Never-smokers did not discount gains and losses differently. Cigarette smokers show rapid loss of value for delayed health outcomes, emphasizing the need for smoking-cessation treatments that provide relatively immediate consequences for abstinence.

Illicit use of prescribed stimulant medication among college students.

Abstract: The authors investigated illicit use of stimulant medications at a midwestern university. They used a questionnaire to (a) examine the extent to which university students illicitly used stimulant medications prescribed for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; (b) determine why college students abused such drugs; and (c) identify the factors that predicted illicit use of prescribed stimulant medication. Findings revealed that 17% of 179 surveyed men and 11% of 202 women reported illicit use of prescribed stimulant medication. Forty-four percent of surveyed students stated that they knew students who used stimulant medication illicitly for both academic and recreational reasons. Students reported they experienced time pressures associated with college life and that stimulants were said to increase alertness and energy. Regression analysis revealed that the factor that predicted men's use was knowing where to get easily acquired stimulant medication, whereas the main predictor for women was whether another student had offered the prescribed stimulants.

Work-arounds in health care settings: Literature review and research agenda.

Abstract: Background As health care professionals seek to balance technological and regulatory demands with the need to provide patient-centered care, all in an efficient and cost-effective manner, they may see a greater need to improvise or work around intended work practices. Health care professionals acknowledge widespread use of work-arounds, and the literature documents their prevalence and influence on performance. Despite their importance, few studies have focused exclusively on work-arounds. This suggests a key area of need in the research, particularly because work-arounds are frequently cited in the context of serious patient safety consequences. Purpose The purpose of this article is to review the existing literature concerning work-arounds to elucidate the definition and nature of work-arounds, how work-arounds can be differentiated from similar constructs (e.g., errors, mistakes, and deviance), and the potential causes of work-arounds and to explore potential consequences of work-arounds in health care settings. Approach We conducted a systematic review of the literature concerning work-arounds to develop themes concerning the nature of work-arounds and ideas for future research on the topic. Implications for practice In this article, we develop links between work-arounds and potential outcomes, particularly safety outcomes. Moreover, we discuss the manner in which open discussion can allow work-arounds to facilitate work process improvement and the role that climate and culture play in reducing work-arounds.

A thiolate-ligated nonheme oxoiron(IV) complex relevant to cytochrome P450.

Abstract: Thiolate-ligated oxoiron(IV) centers are postulated to be the key oxidants in the catalytic cycles of oxygen-activating cytochrome P450 and related enzymes. Despite considerable synthetic efforts, chemists have not succeeded in preparing an appropriate model complex. Here we report the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of [FeIV(O)(TMCS)]+ where TMCS is a pentadentate ligand that provides a square pyramidal N4(SR)apical, where SR is thiolate, ligand environment about the iron center, which is similar to that of cytochrome P450. The rigidity of the ligand framework stabilizes the thiolate in an oxidizing environment. Reactivity studies suggest that thiolate coordination favors hydrogen-atom abstraction chemistry over oxygen-atom transfer pathways in the presence of reducing substrates.