Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin-Madison published in 1980"
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of finding consistent estimators in other models is non-trivial, however, since the number of incidental parameters is increasing with sample size, and it is well known that analysis of covariance in the linear regression model does not have this consistency property.
Abstract: This paper deals with data that has a group structure. A simple example in the context of a linear regression model is E(yitlx, 1S, ar) = P'xit + ai (i = 1, ...,9 N; t = 1, ... T), where there are T observations within each of N groups. The ai are group specific parameters. Our primary concern is with the estimation of f3, a parameter vector common to all groups. The role of the ai is to control for group specific effects; i.e. for omitted variables that are constant within a group. The regression function that does not condition on the group will not in general identify 1: E(yitlx, 13) 0 1'xit. In this case there is an omitted variable bias. An important application is generated by longitudinal or panel data, in which there are two or more observations on each individual. Then the group is the individual, and the ai capture individual differences. If these person effects are correlated with x, then a regression function that fails to control for them will not identify f. In another important application the group is a family, with observations on two or more siblings within the family. Then the ai capture omitted variables that are family specific, and they give a concrete representation to family background. We shall assume that observations from different groups are independent. Then the ai are incidental parameters (Neyman and Scott (1948)), and 0, which is common to the independent sampling units, is a vector of structural parameters. In the application to sibling data, T is small, typically T= 2, whereas there may be a large number of families. Small T and large N are also characteristic of many of the currently available longitudinal data sets. So a basic statistical issue is to develop an estimator for j that has good properties in this case. In particular, the estimator ought to be consistent as N -> ac for fixed T. It is well-known that analysis of covariance in the linear regression model does have this consistency property. The problem of finding consistent estimators in other models is non-trivial, however, since the number of incidental parameters is increasing with sample size. We shall work with the following probability model: Yit is a binary variable with
2,398 citations
TL;DR: It is shown how the method can be used to determine the approximate molecular weight of the DNA topoisomerase polypeptide by sectioning a gel on which a partially pure sample has been fractionated by electrophoresis.
1,142 citations
1,102 citations
TL;DR: A model for the involvement of short direct repeat sequences in the generation of deletions in the noncoding and coding regions of B-like globin genes during evolution is described.
1,097 citations
TL;DR: This book is referred to read because it is an inspiring book to give you more chance to get experiences and also thoughts and this is not only this family therapy in clinical practice.
1,006 citations
TL;DR: A regularity condition is introduced for generalized equations and it is shown to be in a certain sense the weakest possible condition under which the stated properties will hold.
Abstract: This paper considers generalized equations, which are convenient tools for formulating problems in complementarity and in mathematical programming, as well as variational inequalities. We introduce a regularity condition for such problems and, with its help, prove existence, uniqueness and Lipschitz continuity of solutions to generalized equations with parametric data. Applications to nonlinear programming and to other areas are discussed, and for important classes of such applications the regularity condition given here is shown to be in a certain sense the weakest possible condition under which the stated properties will hold.
975 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of parental socioeconomic characteristics and family structure on the probability of making selected school transitions for white American males are estimated by maximum likelihood using the 1973 Occupational Changes in a Generation Survey data.
Abstract: Logistic response models of the effects of parental socioeconomic characteristics and family structure on the probability of making selected school transitions for white American males are estimated by maximum likelihood using the 1973 Occupational Changes in a Generation Survey data. As a consequence of differential attrition patterns, parental socioeconomic effects decline sharply from the earliest school transitions to the latest. Estimated effects of parental income on grade progression decline by more than 50 percent between elementary school and college.
854 citations
TL;DR: The sequence data suggest that intergenic conversions occur in the germ line, and strongly suggest that DNA sequence polymorphisms for localized deletions, additions and base substitutions are very common in human populations.
810 citations
TL;DR: Findings and theoretical implications of studies concerned with initiation, maintenance, and therapy of cigarette smoking in children and adults are reviewed, and a hypothesis is presented to account for the development of craving conditioned to internal and external cues.
Abstract: This article reviews findings and examines theoretical implications of studies concerned with initiation, maintenance, and therapy of cigarette smoking in children and adults. The following conclusions are offered: (a) Recent increases in success rates may be due to changes in the social environment that multiply the action of previously unsuccessful procedures, (b) current interventions are based on communication and behavioral models that ignore features unique to smoking, (c) methodological refinements of current interventions are unlikely to significantly increase success rates, (d) prevention studies should be directed toward critical steps in the developmental history of smoking (e.g., preventing initial attempts, facilitating negative interpretations of initial attempts, and retarding regular usage), and (e) studies of cessation and withdrawal must consider findings and theories of nicotine dependence. A hypothesis is presented to account for the development of craving conditioned to internal and external cues, and suggestions about how to eliminate the craving state are made.
798 citations
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the problem of bad value estimation from a Bayesian viewpoint and compare the performance of M estimators with predictive checking functions for transformation, serial correlation, bad values, and their relation with Bayesian options.
Abstract: : Scientific learning is an iterative process employing Criticism and Estimation. Correspondingly the formulated model factors into two complimentary parts - a predictive part allowing model criticism, and a Bayes posterior part allowing estimation. Implications for significance tests, the theory of precise measurement, and for ridge estimates are considered. Predictive checking functions for transformation, serial correlation, bad values, and their relation with Bayesian options are considered. Robustness is seen from a Bayesian viewpoint and examples are given. For the bad value problem a comparison with M estimators is made. (Author)
768 citations
01 Jul 1980
TL;DR: Predictive checking functions for transformation, serial correlation, bad values, and their relation with Bayesian options are considered, and robustness is seen from a Bayesian viewpoint and examples are given.
Abstract: : Scientific learning is an iterative process employing Criticism and Estimation. Correspondingly the formulated model factors into two complimentary parts - a predictive part allowing model criticism, and a Bayes posterior part allowing estimation. Implications for significance tests, the theory of precise measurement, and for ridge estimates are considered. Predictive checking functions for transformation, serial correlation, bad values, and their relation with Bayesian options are considered. Robustness is seen from a Bayesian viewpoint and examples are given. For the bad value problem a comparison with M estimators is made. (Author)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors find the transformation for somatic cell concentration which meets these characteristics of hypothesis testing, which requires that the errors be distributed normally and that subclass variances be homogeneous.
TL;DR: Approximate expressions for the dynamics of the genetic covariances due to pleiotropic mutations are obtained and patterns of genetic covariance between characters and their evolution are discussed with reference to data on polygenic mutation, chromosomal organization and morphological integration.
Abstract: A statistical genetic model of a multivariate phenotype is derived to investigate the covariation of pleiotropic mutations with additive effects under the combined action of phenotypic selection, linkage and the mating system. Equilibrium formulas for large, randomly mating populations demonstrate that, when selection on polygenic variation is much smaller than twice the harmonic mean recombination rate between loci with interacting fitnesses, linkage disequilibrium is negligible and pleiotropy is the main cause of genetic correlations between characters. Under these conditions, approximate expressions for the dynamics of the genetic covariances due to pleiotropic mutations are obtained. Patterns of genetic covariance between characters and their evolution are discussed with reference to data on polygenic mutation, chromosomal organization and morphological integration.
TL;DR: Microelectrode mapping techniques were employed in the cat's auditory cortex to relate the best frequencies of a large population of neurons with their spatial loci and found that the auditory region was divided into four complete and orderly tonotopic representations and a surrounding belt of cortex in which the Tonotopic organization was more complex.
Abstract: Microelectrode mapping techniques were employed in the cat's auditory cortex to relate the best frequencies of a large population of neurons with their spatial loci. Based upon the best-frequency distribution, the auditory region was divided into four complete and orderly tonotopic representations and a surrounding belt of cortex in which the tonotopic organization was more complex. The four auditory fields occupy a crescent-shaped band of tissue which comprises portions of both the exposed gyral surfaces and sulcal banks of the ectosylvian cortex. The anterior auditory field (A) is situated most rostrally upon the anterior ectosylvian gyrus. It extends upon the ventral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus and upon the banks of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus. Adjoining field A caudally is the primary auditory field (AI), which extends across the middle ectosylvian gyrus and portions of both banks of the posterior ectosylvian sulcus. The representations of the highest best frequencies in fields A and AI are contiguous. Caudal and ventral to AI are located the posterior (P) and ventroposterior (VP) auditory fields. They lie mainly upon the caudal bank of the posterior ectosylvian sulcus but also extend upon the rostral bank and upon the posterior ectosylvian gyrus. The low best-frequency representations of fields AI and P are contiguous, whereas the low best-frequency representation of field VP lies near the ventral end of the posterior ectosylvian sulcus. Fields P and VP are joined along their middle and high best-frequency representations. Within each auditory field isofrequency lines defined by the spatial loci of neurons with similar best frequencies are oriented orthogonal to the low-to-high best-frequency gradients.
TL;DR: The authors examines the arguments related to two currently popular yet contradictory myths concerning the value of field-based experiences in preservice teacher education and makes suggestions for practice in teacher education, drawing on recent conceptual developments made in the study of occupational socialization.
Abstract: This paper examines the arguments related to two currently popular yet contradictory myths concerning the value of field-based experiences in preservice teacher education. A myth is defined as a set of widely held beliefs that give meaning to events independent of the truth or falsity of the beliefs (see Edelman, 1977). Following the presentation of the two myths, the validity of each position is assessed though examination of the empirical literature on field-based experences. Finally, drawing on recent conceptual developments made in the study of occupational socialization, suggestions are made for practice in teacher education
TL;DR: In this paper, a new mathematical formalism exploiting the method of generalized cross validation (GCV) and some recently developed optimization results was developed for analyzing this data, which can be used to analyze temperature fields from radiosonde-measured temperatures and satellite radiance measurements simultaneously, to incorporate the geostrophic wind approximation and other information.
Abstract: Let Φ(x,y,p,t) be a meteorological field of interest, say, height, temperature, a component of the wind field, etc. We suppose that data concerning the field of the form ΦI = LiΦ + ϵi are where each Li is an arbitrary continuous linear functional and ϵi is a measurement error. The data Φi may be the result of theory, direct measurements, remote soundings or a combination of these. We develop a new mathematical formalism exploiting the method of Generalized Cross Validation (GCV), and some recently developed optimization results, for analyzing this data. The analyzed field ΦN,m,λ is the solution to the minimization problem: Find Φ in a suitable space of functions to minimize where Functions of d=1, 2 or 3 of the four variables x, y, p, t are also considered. The approach can he used to analyze temperature fields from radiosonde-measured temperatures and satellite radiance measurements simultaneously, to incorporate the geostrophic wind approximation and other information. In a test of the method (...
TL;DR: This hypothesis brings most intraspecific-interploidy and interspecific crossing data under a single concept with respect to endosperm function, and the implications to isolating mechanisms, 2n gametes, the evolution of disomic polyploids, and reciprocal differences in seed development are discussed.
Abstract: The endosperm has played a significant role in the evolution of angiosperms because of its physiological and genetic relationships to the embryo. One manifestation of this evolutionary role is its abnormal development in interploidy crosses. It is now established that the endosperm develops abnormally in interploidy-intraspecific crosses when the maternal: paternal genome ratio deviates from 2∶1 in the endosperm itself. We propose an Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) hypothesis to explain endosperm development in both interploidy-intraspecific and interspecific crosses. Each species is assigned an EBN on the basis of its crossing behavior to a standard species. It is the EBN which determines the effective ploidy in the endosperm of each species, and it is the EBNs which must be in a 2∶1, maternal:paternal ratio. The EBN of a species may be determined by a few genes rather than the whole genome. This hypothesis brings most intraspecific-interploidy and interspecific crossing data under a single concept with respect to endosperm function. The implications of this hypothesis to isolating mechanisms, 2n gametes, the evolution of disomic polyploids, and reciprocal differences in seed development are discussed.
TL;DR: A methanogenic bacterium, commonly seen in digested sludge and referred to as the “fat rod” or Methanobacterium soehngenii, has been enriched to a monoculture and is characterized.
Abstract: A methanogenic bacterium, commonly seen in digested sludge and referred to as the "fat rod" or Methanobacterium soehngenii, has been enriched to a monoculture and is characterized. Cells are gramnegative, non-motile and appear as straight rods with flat ends. They form filaments which can grow to great lengths. The structure of the outer cell envelop is similar to Methanospirillum hungatii. The organism grows on a mineral salt medium with acetate as the only organic component. Acetate is the energy source, and methane is formed exclusively from the methyl group. Acetate and carbon dioxide act as sole carbon source and are assimilated in a molar ratio of about 1.9:1. The reducing equivalents necessary to build biomass from these two precursors are obtained from the total oxidation of some acetate. Hydrogen is not used for methane formation and is not needed for growth. Formate is cleaved into hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Coenzyme M was found to be present at levels of 0.35 nmol per mg of dry cells and F420 amounted to 0.55 microgram per mg protein. The mean generation time was 9 days at 33 degrees C.
TL;DR: In this paper, a note on limiting cases of sobolev embeddings and convolution inequalities is given, along with a discussion of the relation between the two types of embedding.
Abstract: (1980). A note on limiting cases of sobolev embeddings and convolution inequalities. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 5, No. 7, pp. 773-789.
TL;DR: The essentialist's use of what I call the natural state model for explaining variation which clashes with evolutionary theory is not fatal to essentialism, according to the view of as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Ernst Mayr has argued that Darwinian theory discredited essentialist modes of thought and replaced them with what he has called "population thinking". In this paper, I characterize essentialism as embodying a certain conception of how variation in nature is to be explained, and show how this conception was undermined by evolutionary theory. The Darwinian doctrine of evolutionary gradualism makes it impossible to say exactly where one species ends and another begins; such line-drawing problems are often taken to be the decisive reason for thinking that essentialism is untenable. However, according to the view of essentialism I suggest, this familiar objection is not fatal to essentialism. It is rather the essentialist's use of what I call the natural state model for explaining variation which clashes with evolutionary theory. This model implemented the essentialist's requirement that properties of populations be defined in terms of properties of member organisms. Requiring such constituent definitions is r...
TL;DR: Mechanical nonlinearity in the cochlea produces acuoustic distortion products that can be measured in the ear canal by manipulating the endolymphatic potential and stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle.
Abstract: Mechanical nonlinearity in the cochlea produces acuoustic distortion products that can be measured in the ear canal. These distortion products can be altered by changes in the endolymphatic potential as well as by stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle, which provides efferent innervation to cochlear hair cells.
TL;DR: It is suggested that between-community variations in diversity patterns during succession in plant communities are due to the effects of selection on life history strategies under different disturbance regimes, providing an evolutionary mechanism with which to examine the changes in plant community structure during succession.
Abstract: I suggest that between-community variations in diversity patterns during succession in plant communities are due to the effects of selection on life history strategies under different disturbance regimes Natural disturbances to plant communities are simultaneously a source of mortality for some individuals and a source of establishment sites for others The plant community consists of a mosaic of disturbance patches (gaps) of different environmental conditions The composition of the mosaic is described by the size-frequency distribution of the gaps and is dependent on the rates and scales of disturbance The life-history strategies of plant species dependent on some form of disturbance for establishment of propagules should reflect this size-frequency distribution of disturbance patches An extension of island biogeographic theory to encompass relative habitat area predicts that a community should be most rich in species adapted to growth and establishment in the spatially most common patch types Changes in species diversity during succession following large scale disturbance reflect the prevalent life history patterns under historically common disturbance regimes Communities in which the greatest patch area is in large-scale clearings (eg following fire) are most diverse in species establishing seedlings in xeric, high light conditions Species diversity decreases during succession Communities in which such large patches are rare are characterized by a large number of species that reach the canopy through small gaps and realtively few which regenerate in the large clearings Diversity increases during succession following a large scale disturbanceEvidence from communities characterized by different disturbance regimes is summarized from the literature This hypothesis provides an evolutionary mechanism with which to examine the changes in plant community structure during succession Diversity peaks occurring at "intermediate levels" of disturbance as discussed by Connell and Huston are interpreted in this context
TL;DR: Antibiotic G418 is a 2-deoxystreptamine antibiotic that is structurally related to gentamicin but has inhibitory activity against a much wider variety of pro- and eukaryotic organisms.
Abstract: Some eukaryotic genes can be expressed in bacteria but there are few examples of the expression of prokaryotic genes in eukaryotes1. Antibiotic G418 is a 2-deoxystreptamine antibiotic that is structurally related to gentamicin2 but has inhibitory activity against a much wider variety of pro- and eukaryotic organisms. In bacteria, resistance to G418 can be determined by several plasmid-encoded modifying enzymes3 and, in view of the broad spectrum of activity of G418, we considered that this antibiotic might be useful as a selective agent for the introduction of these antibiotic resistance genes into a eukaryotic organism such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additional impetus for these experiments came from the knowledge that certain of the G418-resistance determinants in bacteria are carried on transposable elements4; a study of the properties of these elements in eukaryotes would be intriguing.
TL;DR: Estrogen therapy improves calcium balance in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis by increasing serum 1,25(OH)2D, and this effect appears to be mediated indirectly through stimulation of renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase by increased serum PTH.
Abstract: Osteoporotic women have decreased calcium absorption and decreased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] and are usually in negative calcium balance. Estrogen therapy improves calcium balance in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. In birds, estrogen administration increases the conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) to 1,25-(OH)2D. To determine if estrogen therapy affects vitamin D metabolism in human subjects, we studied 21 osteoporotic women before and after 6 months of treatment. We compared groups treated with either placebo (9 patients) or conjugated equine estrogen (1.2-2.5 mg/day; 12 patients). Fractional calcium absorption (mean +/- SE) was unchanged after treatment with placebo (0.51 +/- 0.03 to 0.52 +/- 0.01) but increased after treatment with estrogen (0.53 +/- 0.02 to 0.65 +/- 0.04; P < 0.005). The increase after estrogen was similar to the increase observed in 10 additional osteoporotic women treated for 6 months with a small dose of 0.5 microgram/day 1,25-(OH)2D (0.54 +/- 0.03 to 0.68 +/- 0.04; P < 0.005). Serum 1,25-(OH)2D was unchanged after treatment with placebo (27.5 +/- 1.3 to 27.6 +/- 1.7 pg/ml) but increased after treatment with estrogen (23.6 +/- 2.7 to 33.2 +/- 3.7 pg/ml; P < 0.005). Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased (23.0 +/- 4.2 to 32.7 +/- 4.6 microliter eq/ml; P < 0.05) after estrogen but not after placebo treatment. After treatment with estrogen, the increases in serum immunoreactive PTH and serum 1,25-(OH)2D were correlated (r = 0.68; P < 0.05), and the increases in serum 1,25-(OH)2D and calcium absorption were highly correlated (r = 0.89; P < 0.001). We conclude that estrogen treatment increases calcium absorption in postmenopausal osteoporosis by increasing serum 1,25(OH)2D. This effect appears to be mediated indirectly through stimulation of renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase by increased serum PTH.
TL;DR: The autoradiographic tracing method has been used to analyze the distribution of ascending tectofugal pathways in the rhesus monkey.
Abstract: The autoradiographic tracing method has been used to analyze the distribution of ascending tectofugal pathways in the rhesus monkey. Our findings show that axons which arise from deep collicular neurons terminate within several dorsal thalamic nuclei which in turn project upon the frontal eye fields (area 8) and the inferior parietal lobule (area 7). Both of these cortical areas are functionally quite similar to the deep colliculus, and we suggest that ascending channels from the deep tectum must account, at least in part, for these functional similarities. The present autoradiographs reveal projections to several nuclear zones previously not identified as deep collicular targets in the monkey. Such targets include the visceral cell columns of the oculomotor complex, the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and the magnocellular division of the ventral anterior nucleus. Deep tectal input also has been shown to terminate quite extensively within the paralamellar region of the mediodorsal nucleus and in the parafascicular nucleus; very little input to the central lateral and centromedian nuclei was observed. Radioisotope injections restricted to the superficial layers reveal dense projections to the parabigeminal nucleus, the pretectum, the inferior and lateral pulvinar nuclei, and to the ventral and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei. Transported protein within the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus occupied the "S" layers and the interlaminar zones.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The correspondence of the structure-activity relationship for receptor binding and for toxic potency and the segregation of thymic involution and probably teratogenesis with the Ah locus indicate that binding of these compounds to the receptor is an essential step in their mechanism of toxicity.
Abstract: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (a) produce a similar pattern of toxic responses; (b) induce a battery of enzymes, including aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity; and (c) bind reversibly and with a high affinity to a cytosol protein that is the receptor for this enzyme induction response. To test the hypothesis that the toxic effects produced by these compounds are mediated by their binding to the induction receptor, we examined the genetic segregation of two toxic responses, with the Ah locus, which determines this receptor. The dose-response relationship for thymic atrophy produced by TCDD was examined in C57BL/6J mice, which have a high affinity receptor and are sensitive to enzyme induction, DBA/2J mice, which have a lower affinity receptor and are less sensitive to induction of AHH activity, and hybrid B6D2F1/J mice. C57BL/6J mice were approximately 10-fold more sensitive to thymic involution than DBA/2J mice and the hybrid B6D2F1/J were intermediate between the two parental strains. The progeny of a B6D2F1/J x DBA/2J mating were phenotyped (as Aa or aa), and the mice heterozygous for the high affinity receptor were more sensitive to thymic atrophy. The capacity of other halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons to produce thymic atrophy corresponded to their capacity to bind to the induction receptor, and nonhalogenated compounds which are agonists for the receptor (3-methylcholanthrene, β-naphthoflavone) also produced this toxic response. TCDD produced a dose-related incidence of cleft palate formation in the fetuses of C57BL/6J mice. A single dose of 30 µg/kg of TCDD on day 10 of pregnancy produced an incidence of cleft palates of 54% in C57BL/6J fetuses, 13% in B6D2F1/J fetuses and only 2% in DBA/2J fetuses. Five inbred strains of mice with a low affinity receptor developed only a 0-3% incidence of cleft palates from TCDD (30 µg/kg), while four of five inbred strains with a high affinity receptor developed a 50% or greater incidence. For TCDD and congeners, (a) the correspondence of the structure-activity relationship for receptor binding and for toxic potency and (b) the segregation of thymic involution and probably teratogenesis with the Ah locus indicate that binding of these compounds to the receptor is an essential step in their mechanism of toxicity.
TL;DR: In this article, a complete rheological equation of state for dilute polymer solutions is obtained by modelling the polymer molecules as bead-spring chains, in which the springs are finitely extensible.
Abstract: A complete rheological equation of state for dilute polymer solutions is obtained by modelling the polymer molecules as bead—spring chains, in which the springs are finitely extensible. Hydrodynamic interactions among the beads are accounted for approximately by using the equilibrium-averaged Oseen tensor as in the Zimm theory. The rheological equation of state thus obtained may be regarded as an extension of the Lodge—Wu equation. Consequently, it incorporates all the good features of the Zimm theory, but it can describe nonlinear viscoelastic phenomena as well, such as monotone decreasing shear-rate-dependent viscosity. Comparisons with experimental data on shear flows are encouraging.
TL;DR: This research examined deductions from a new theory of emotional imagery, testing the hypothesis that the conceptual content processed during imagery determines the amplitude and pattern of coincident efferent activity.
Abstract: This research examined deductions from a new theory of emotional imagery (Lang, 1979). Two experiments were performed, testing the hypothesis that the conceptual content processed during imagery determines the amplitude and pattern of coincident efferent activity. The image was manipulated by varying the content of the prompting instructions (either stimulus detail or active responding was emphasized in the image script) and by prior imagery training (in which subjects' post-image verbal reports were shaped to emphasize either stimulus or response material). Three thematic contents were examined: neutral, action, and fear scenes. In Experiment I, a group which received response-oriented imagery training and response scripts was compared to a stimulus-oriented group. The results strongly supported the hypothesis: response subjects showed greater physiological activity during imagery, and their efferent pattern generally followed the script content. In Experiment II, one group again received response training and the other, stimulus training. However, half of each group was later tested on response-structured scripts and the other half on stimulus scripts. Results again supported the hypothesis. As in Experiment I, response-trained subjects tested on response scripts showed substantial physiological activity. None of the other groups, which received stimulus training and/or stimulus scripts, showed significant physiological responses during imagery. Response-trained subjects generally rated their imagery as more vivid. Subjects administered response-oriented scripts reported more emotional arousal than did subjects administered stimulus scripts.