Zonguldak Karaelmas University

About: Zonguldak Karaelmas University is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Copolymer. The organization has 1939 authors who have published 4296 publications receiving 62466 citations.

Agricultural origins on the Anatolian plateau

Abstract: This paper explores the explanations for, and consequences of, the early appearance of food production outside the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia, where it originated in the 10th/9th millennia cal BC. We present evidence that cultivation appeared in Central Anatolia through adoption by indigenous foragers in the mid ninth millennium cal BC, but also demonstrate that uptake was not uniform, and that some communities chose to actively disregard cultivation. Adoption of cultivation was accompanied by experimentation with sheep/goat herding in a system of low-level food production that was integrated into foraging practices rather than used to replace them. Furthermore, rather than being a short-lived transitional state, low-level food production formed part of a subsistence strategy that lasted for several centuries, although its adoption had significant long-term social consequences for the adopting community at Boncuklu. Material continuities suggest that Boncuklu’s community was ancestral to that seen at the much larger settlement of Catalhoyuk East from 7100 cal BC, by which time a modest involvement with food production had been transformed into a major commitment to mixed farming, allowing the sustenance of a very large sedentary community. This evidence from Central Anatolia illustrates that polarized positions explaining the early spread of farming, opposing indigenous adoption to farmer colonization, are unsuited to understanding local sequences of subsistence and related social change. We go beyond identifying the mechanisms for the spread of farming by investigating the shorter- and longer-term implications of rejecting or adopting farming practices.

The effects of onion extract on hypertrophic and keloid scars

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic activity of topical onion extract in gel form on hypertrophic and keloid scars, focusing on problems such as elevation, redness, hardness, itching and pain. Method: This comparative prospective study assigned 60 patients to three groups. Group 1 was treated with onion extract alone, group 2 with silicon gel sheet alone and 3 group with a combination of onion extract and silicon gel sheet. Results: In the group comparisons, a significant difference was observed at the end of six months in the colour parameter between group 1 and group 2 and in the height parameter between group 1 and group 3 (ANOVA post-hoc Tukey’s test, p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively). The onion extract was more effective in relation to scar colour, while the silicon gel sheet was superior in decreasing the height of scar (paired sample t-test, p<0.001). In addition, the most effective therapeutic results were obtained when the silicon gel sheet treatment was combined with onion extract in group 3. C...

Energy situation and renewables in Turkey and environmental effects of energy use

Abstract: The effects on global and environmental air quality of pollutants released into the atmosphere from fossil fuels in power plants provide strong arguments for the development of renewable energy resources. Clean, domestic and renewable energy is commonly accepted as the key for future life, not only for Turkey but also for the world. In this regard, the objective of this paper is to present a review of the energy situation, technical and economical potential and utilization of renewables, including hydraulic energy, biomass energy, solar energy, wind energy and geothermal energy, in Turkey and then concerned with greenhouse gas emissions status, especially in air pollution, and environmental impacts of renewable energy sources. The renewable energy potential of the country, their present utilization, and greenhouse gas emissions status are evaluated based on the available data. The present paper shows that there is an important potential for renewables in Turkey and making use of renewable energy and energy efficiency resources to provide energy services to the electricity consumers can provide significant environmental benefits for Turkey.