Showing papers in "Academy of Management Review in 2006"
TL;DR: Work-family enrichment as discussed by the authors is defined as the extent to which experiences in one role improve the quality of life in the other role, and it is used as a way to measure the effect of work-life transitions.
Abstract: We define work-family enrichment as the extent to which experiences in one role improve the quality of life in the other role. In this article we propose a theoretical model of work-family enrichment and offer a series of research propositions that reflect two paths to enrichment: an instrumental path and an affective path. We then examine the implications of the model for future research on the work-family enrichment process.
2,900 citations
TL;DR: The authors define context as situational opportunities and constraints that affect the occurrence and meaning of organizational behavior as well as functional relationships between variables, and propose two levels of analysis for thinking about context, one grounded in journalistic practice and the other in classic social psychology.
Abstract: I argue that the impact of context on organizational behavior is not sufficiently recognized or appreciated by researchers. I define context as situational opportunities and constraints that affect the occurrence and meaning of organizational behavior as well as functional relationships between variables, and I propose two levels of analysis for thinking about context–one grounded in journalistic practice and the other in classic social psychology. Several means of contextualizing research are considered.
2,881 citations
TL;DR: This paper conducted a detailed analysis of 289 absorptive capacity papers from 14 journals to assess how the construct has been utilized, examine the key papers in the field, and identify the substantive contributions to the broader literature using a thematic analysis.
Abstract: We conduct a detailed analysis of 289 absorptive capacity papers from 14 journals to assess how the construct has been utilized, examine the key papers in the field, and identify the substantive contributions to the broader literature using a thematic analysis. We argue that research in this area is fundamentally driven by five critical assumptions that we conclude have led to its reification and that this reification has led to stifling of research in this area. To address this, we propose a model of absorptive capacity processes, antecedents, and outcomes.
2,512 citations
TL;DR: The authors provide a more complete conceptual model of entrepreneurial action that allows for examining entrepreneurial action at the individual level of analysis while remaining consistent with a rich legacy of system-level theories of the entrepreneur.
Abstract: By considering the amount of uncertainty perceived and the willingness to bear uncertainty concomitantly, we provide a more complete conceptual model of entrepreneurial action that allows for examination of entrepreneurial action at the individual level of analysis while remaining consistent with a rich legacy of system-level theories of the entrepreneur. Our model not only exposes limitations of existing theories of entrepreneurial action but also contributes to a deeper understanding of important conceptual issues, such as the nature of opportunity and the potential for philosophical reconciliation among entrepreneurship scholars.
2,347 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend the resource-based view to incorporate the network resources of interconnected firms, and show that the nature of relationships may matter more than the resource in networked environments.
Abstract: I extend the resource-based view to incorporate the network resources of interconnected firms. My model distinguishes shared resources from nonshared resources; identifies new types of rent; and illustrates how firm-, relation-, and partner-specific factors determine the contribution of network resources to the rents extracted from alliance networks. After reassessing the heterogeneity, imperfect mobility, imitability, and substitutability conditions, I conclude that the nature of relationships may matter more than the nature of resources in networked environments.
1,891 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose that hub firms orchestrate network activities to ensure the creation and extraction of value, without the benefit of hierarchical authority, and reject the view of network members as inert entities that merely respond to inducements and constraints arising from their network ties.
Abstract: Innovation networks can often be viewed as loosely coupled systems of autonomous firms. We propose that hub firms orchestrate network activities to ensure the creation and extraction of value, without the benefit of hierarchical authority. Orchestration comprises knowledge mobility, innovation appropriability, and network stability. We reject the view of network members as inert entities that merely respond to inducements and constraints arising from their network ties, and we embrace the essential player-structure duality present in networks.
1,470 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a method of engaged scholarship is proposed to address the knowledge gap between theory and practice, arguing that engaged scholarship not only enhances the relevance of research for practice but also contributes significantly to advancing research knowledge in a given domain.
Abstract: We examine three related ways in which the gap between theory and practice has been framed. One approach views it as a knowledge transfer problem, a second argues that theory and practice represent distinct kinds of knowledge, and a third incorporates a strategy of arbitrage--leading to the view that the gap is a knowledge production problem. We propose a method of engaged scholarship for addressing the knowledge production problem, arguing that engaged scholarship not only enhances the relevance of research for practice but also contributes significantly to advancing research knowledge in a given domain.
1,427 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that internationalization has differing effects on firm survival and growth, moderated by organizational age, managerial experience, and resource fungibility, and provide insights into the evolution of capabilities across borders and may be tested and built on by organization researchers.
Abstract: Recent critiques of internationalization process models question the wisdom of delaying internationalization. Internationalizing late allows firms to assemble resources and gain experience but also allows inertia to develop. We resolve this tension by positing that internationalization has differing effects on firm survival and growth. These effects are moderated by organizational age, managerial experience, and resource fungibility. Our framework provides insights into the evolution of capabilities across borders and may be tested and built on by organization researchers.
1,089 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors develop the concept of community-based enterprise (CBE) and argue that it provides a potential strategy for sustainable local development in poor populations, maintaining that natural and social capital are integral and inseparable from economic considerations, transforming the community into an entrepreneur and an enterprise.
Abstract: In this article we develop the concept of community-based enterprise (CBE) and argue that it provides a potential strategy for sustainable local development in poor populations. We maintain that in this emerging form of entrepreneurship, typically rooted in community culture, natural and social capital are integral and inseparable from economic considerations, transforming the community into an entrepreneur and an enterprise. Drawing on interdisciplinary and multilevel approaches, we propose a theoretical model of the determinants, characteristics, and consequences of CBEs.
1,079 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors organize the theories of business imitation into two broad categories: (1) information-based theories where firms follow others that are perceived as having superior information, and (2) rivalry-based theory, where firms imitate others to maintain competitive parity or limit rivalry.
Abstract: Scholars from diverse disciplines have proposed numerous theories of business imitation. We organize these theories into two broad categories: (1) information-based theories, where firms follow others that are perceived as having superior information, and (2) rivalry-based theories, where firms imitate others to maintain competitive parity or limit rivalry. We describe conditions under which each type of imitation is most likely and offer guidance on identifying imitation in practice. Amplification effects and other performance implications of imitation are also addressed.
840 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce a collective action model of institutional innovation, based on converging perspectives from the technology innovation management and social movements literature, views institutional change as a dialectical process in which partisan actors espousing conflicting views confront each other and engage in political behaviors to create and change institutions.
Abstract: We introduce a collective action model of institutional innovation. This model, based on converging perspectives from the technology innovation management and social movements literature, views institutional change as a dialectical process in which partisan actors espousing conflicting views confront each other and engage in political behaviors to create and change institutions. The model represents an important complement to existing models of institutional change. We discuss how these models together account for various stages and cycles of institutional change.
TL;DR: The authors argue that citizenship programs are strategic investments comparable to R&D and advertising, and they can create intangible assets that help companies overcome nationalistic barriers, facilitate globalization, and outcompete local rivals.
Abstract: We argue that citizenship programs are strategic investments comparable to R&D and advertising. They can create intangible assets that help companies overcome nationalistic barriers, facilitate globalization, and outcompete local rivals. Program content selection reflects a balance between legitimation and differentiation, and choices are influenced both by local institutional environments that shape expectations of corporate commitment to citizenship and by the degree of customization required because of institutional distance. Citizenship profiles therefore enable the sociocognitive integration that global companies require to operate effectively across diverse local markets.
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the Oxford Handbook of Public Management, edited by Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., and Christopher Pollitt, and found that it is a good resource for public management.
Abstract: The article reviews “The Oxford Handbook of Public Management,” edited by Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., and Christopher Pollitt.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend the concept of celebrity from the individual to the firm level of analysis and argue that the high level of public attention and the positive emotional responses that define celebrity increase the economic opportunities available to a firm.
Abstract: We extend the concept of celebrity from the individual to the firm level of analysis and argue that the high level of public attention and the positive emotional responses that define celebrity increase the economic opportunities available to a firm. We develop a theoretical framework explaining how the media construct firm celebrity by creating a "dramatized reality" in reporting on industry change and firms' actions. Firms contribute to this process by taking nonconforming actions and proactively seeking to manage impressions about themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
TL;DR: This article explored the role of negative relationships in the context of social networks in work organizations and found that these negative relationships may have greater power than positive relationships to explain workplace outcomes, while positive relationships may not have the same power as negative relationships.
Abstract: We explore the role of negative relationships in the context of social networks in work organizations. Whereas network researchers have emphasized the benefits and opportunities derived from positive interpersonal relationships, we examine the social liabilities that can result from negative relationships in order to flesh out the entire “social ledger.” Deriving our argument from theory and research on negative asymmetry, we propose that these negative relationships may have greater power than positive relationships to explain workplace outcomes
TL;DR: In this paper, a temporal motivational theory (TMT) is proposed, which is consistent with the major findings from many other investigations, including psychobiology and behaviorism, and the potential implications of TMT are numerous, affecting our understanding on a wide range of topics, including group behavior, job design, stock market behavior, and goal setting.
Abstract: Progress toward understanding human behavior has been hindered by discipline-bound theories, dividing our efforts. Fortunately, these separate endeavors are converging and can be effectively integrated. Focusing on the fundamental features of picoeconomics, expectancy theory, cumulative prospect theory, and need theory, we construct a temporal motivational theory (TMT). TMT appears consistent with the major findings from many other investigations, including psychobiology and behaviorism. The potential implications of TMT are numerous, affecting our understanding on a wide range of topics, including group behavior, job design, stock market behavior, and goal setting.
TL;DR: A series of financial scandals revealed a key weakness in the American business model: the failure of the U.S. auditing system to deliver true independence as mentioned in this paper, and a two-tiered analysis of what went wrong.
Abstract: A series of financial scandals revealed a key weakness in the American business model: the failure of the U.S. auditing system to deliver true independence. We offer a two-tiered analysis of what went wrong. At the more micro tier, we advance moral seduction theory, explaining why professionals are often unaware of how morally compromised they have become by conflicts of interest. At the more macro tier, we offer issue-cycle theory, explaining why conflicts of interest of the sort that compromise major accounting firms are so pervasive.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the extent to which the chosen mechanism enables incumbents to overcome cognitive and operational impediments influences their capacity to bridge capability gaps.
Abstract: I present a model of capability reconfiguration, integrating the Schumpeterian perspective on technological discontinuities with the dynamic capabilities literature to explain the responses of incumbents to technological change. I identify substitution, evolution, and transformation as three mechanisms of capability reconfiguration and then link the choice of reconfiguration mechanism to the nature of technological change and to the attributes of capabilities. I conclude that the extent to which the chosen mechanism enables incumbents to overcome cognitive and operational impediments influences their capacity to bridge capability gaps.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors distinguish functional i-deals from their dysfunctional counterparts and highlight evidence of i-deal in previous organizational research, and outline the implications of these arrangements for research and for managing contemporary employment relationships.
Abstract: Idiosyncratic employment arrangements (i-deals) stand to benefit the individual employee as well as his or her employer. However, unless certain conditions apply, coworkers may respond negatively to these arrangements. We distinguish functional i-deals from their dysfunctional counterparts and highlight evidence of i-deals in previous organizational research. We develop propositions specifying both how ideals are formed and how they impact workers and coworkers. Finally, we outline the implications i-deals have for research and for managing contemporary employment relationships.
TL;DR: The concept of group social capital as mentioned in this paper was introduced to describe the set of resources made available to a group through members' social relationships within the social structure of the group and in the broader formal and informal structures of the organization.
Abstract: We introduce the concept of group social capital—the set of resources made available to a group through members' social relationships within the social structure of the group and in the broader formal and informal structure of the organization. We argue that greater group social capital resources lead to greater group effectiveness and that there are many different conduits through which group social capital resources flow. We present a multilevel, multidimensional model arguing that an optimal balance of all these conduits maximizes group social capital resources and group effectiveness.
TL;DR: In this article, the attractions and shortcomings of the positive neohumanisitic turn in organizational theorizing and how positivity might be developed are examined, and suggestions on how positive scholarship could be reconfigured in light of the present critique and against the emancipatory ideas of critical organizational theory.
Abstract: In this article I examine the attractions and shortcomings of the “positive” neohumanisitic turn in organizational theorizing and how positivity might be developed. I evaluate positivity's moral and cultural underpinnings and claims to separate positive from negative emotions, and I explore the deployment of positiveness in HRM programs of empowerment, emotional intelligence, and fun at work. I conclude with suggestions on how positive scholarship could be reconfigured in light of the present critique and against the emancipatory ideas of critical organizational theory.
TL;DR: An analytic framework that can be used to specify and statistically test simultaneously multilevel, multitheoretical hypotheses about the structural tendencies of organizational networks is offered.
Abstract: Network forms of organization, unlike hierarchies or marketplaces, are agile and are constantly adapting as new links are added and dysfunctional ones dropped. We review some of the theoretical and methodological accomplishments and challenges of contemporary research on organizational networks. We then offer an analytic framework that can be used to specify and statistically test simultaneously multilevel, multitheoretical hypotheses about the structural tendencies of organizational networks. We conclude with an empirical study illustrating some of the capabilities of this framework.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model demonstrating the role of organizational controls in managing organizational knowledge characterized by different combinations of knowledge attributes, and argue that the use of different controls creates distinguishably different knowledge management processes within the firm.
Abstract: We present a model demonstrating the role of organizational controls in managing organizational knowledge characterized by different combinations of knowledge attributes. Specifically, we show how particular controls (outcome, process, and clan) differ in their ability to acquire, transfer, interpret, and, finally, use knowledge. We argue that the use of different controls therefore creates distinguishably different knowledge management processes within the firm.
TL;DR: In this article, a model linking corporate social performance and corporate financial performance (CSP) was presented to predict consumer moral values and information intensity in order to predict purchase intentions, and the role of information intensity and moral values in predicting purchase intentions.
Abstract: We present a model linking corporate social performance (CSP) and corporate financial performance (CFP). Our CSP–CFP behavioral model for consumers examines the roles of information intensity and moral values in linking CSP with purchase behavior. We predict information intensity will influence the consumer's brand attitude, and we expect consumer moral values to have a main effect on purchase intentions, as well as to interact with information intensity in predicting purchase intentions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the concept of network inertia, which refers to a persistent organizational resistance to changing interorganizational network ties or difficulties that an organization faces when it attempts to dissolve old relationships and form new network ties.
Abstract: We introduce the construct of network inertia, referring to a persistent organizational resistance to changing interorganizational network ties or difficulties that an organization faces when it attempts to dissolve old relationships and form new network ties. Previous research has neglected the process of network change in favor of an emphasis on identifying beneficial content effects of networks. We emphasize the constraints on network change and propose a multilevel conceptual model relating key sources of network inertia to changes in network ties. We also discuss the implications of network inertia for the evolution of networks.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors integrate the predictions of prospect theory, the threat-rigidity hypothesis, and institutional theory to suggest how patterns of institutional persistence and change depend on whether decision makers view environmental shifts as potential opportunities for or threats to gaining legitimacy.
Abstract: We integrate the predictions of prospect theory, the threat-rigidity hypothesis, and institutional theory to suggest how patterns of institutional persistence and change depend on whether decision makers view environmental shifts as potential opportunities for or threats to gaining legitimacy. We argue that in the event that decision makers face ambiguity in their reading of the environment, they initiate decoupled substantive and symbolic actions that simultaneously accommodate the predictions of prospect theory and the threat-rigidity hypothesis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a special topic forum on building effective networks, which contains eleven papers spanning the micro, meso, macro, and meta levels of network analysis, and highlight major gaps relating to network theory's scope and mission, accessibility, integration with other perspectives, and attention to process and internationalization issues.
Abstract: This special topic forum, commissioned to stimulate theory development on building effective networks, contains eleven papers spanning the micro, meso, macro, and meta levels of analysis. Each paper breaks new ground; collectively, they suggest that we are at a crossroads in network research. Important opportunities remain, however, for further work in network theory development, and we highlight major gaps relating to network theory's scope and mission, accessibility, integration with other perspectives, and attention to process and internationalization issues.
TL;DR: It is proposed that simplified links between design and performance outcomes in modular environments facilitate imitation, and the same reduction in complexity drives development of dynamic capabilities.
Abstract: Modular design practices provide a lens on the link among product architecture, imitation, and the dynamic capabilities that sustain long-term performance. Looking at closed product systems, we propose that simplified links between design and performance outcomes in modular environments facilitate imitation. The same reduction in complexity drives development of dynamic capabilities. These take the form of more rapid and reliable search processes for incremental and radical innovations. The scope and timing of a firm's modular strategy influence the development of these capabilities, which are critical to sustainable modular performance advantages.
TL;DR: Focusing on network change at both the firm and network levels of analysis will guide a better understanding of the principles behind the building of effective networks.
Abstract: We develop a framework examining the relationship between environmental change and patterns of network change. We propose four patterns of network change (network expansion, network churning, network strengthening, and network shrinking) across four environmental change scenarios. Since network evolution is the result of both environmental context and strategic action, we incorporate strategic orientation as a moderator. Focusing on network change at both the firm and network levels of analysis will guide us toward a better understanding of the principles behind the building of effective networks.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a network generation model to predict actor selection and retention in forming an advice network, where the advice seeker, when possessing rich information on potential alters, decides whom to contact by trading off expected knowledge value versus the cost of obtaining it.
Abstract: The theory of network generation I present predicts actor selection and retention in forming an advice network. The research question explored is whom do people contact when needing advice? The theory posits that the advice seeker, when possessing rich information on potential alters, decides whom to contact by trading off expected knowledge value versus the cost of obtaining it. In the contact information poor case, alter selection antecedents are the potential contact's accessibility and perceived willingness to share advice.