Showing papers in "Addiction Research & Theory in 2015"
TL;DR: The inclusion of assessment criteria for internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 appendix means that research in this area is likely to increase as discussed by the authors, however, a standardized assessment instrument is cont...
Abstract: The inclusion of assessment criteria for internet gaming disorder in the DSM-5 appendix means that research in this area is likely to increase. However, a standardized assessment instrument is cont...
105 citations
TL;DR: In the past decade, global gambling losses have risen from approximately $250 billion USD in 2003 to $450 bill... as discussed by the authors, which is the largest increase in the world's history.
Abstract: Global commercial gambling has grown to be an industry of remarkable size and power. Over the past decade, global gambling losses have risen from approximately $250 billion USD in 2003 to $450 bill...
84 citations
TL;DR: The term "recovery" in the substance use disorder (SUD) field has been used generally and non-technically to describe global improvements in health and functioning typically following successful ab...
Abstract: The term “recovery” in the substance use disorder (SUD) field has been used generally and non-technically to describe global improvements in health and functioning typically following successful ab...
78 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that personal strengths and familial factors such as parent-child connectedness, and warm family environment were protective factors for pathological video-gaming, and that increases in levels of emotional regulation and family environment warmth were related to decreases in pathological video gaming.
Abstract: The primary aim of the study was to understand the phenomenon of pathological video-gaming by identifying protective factors for its development, and examining the dynamic interplay between protective factors and pathological video-gaming within a framework of change. The study was a 2-year longitudinal study involving 3034 children and adolescents recruited from 6 elementary and 6 secondary schools. Controlling for initial levels of pathological video-gaming, personal strengths and familial factors such as parent–child connectedness, and warm family environment were found to be protective factors for later pathological gaming. Increases in levels of emotional regulation and family environment warmth were related to decreases in pathological video-gaming. Higher initial levels and increases in pathological video-gaming were related to higher levels of later depressive symptoms, controlling for earlier levels of depressive symptoms. The study adds to the growing evidence that pathological video-gam...
74 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine whether telling individuals with mild to moderate alcohol addiction that they have a chronic brain disease influences their perceptions of addiction-related agency as well as their feelings of shame and stigma, and find that participants who internalised the disease model of addiction tended to have weaker perceptions of drinking selfefficacy, whereas internalising psyc...
Abstract: In contemporary culture, socially deviant behaviour is increasingly being conceptualised as the result of a disease; most salient perhaps, in regards to addiction. This chronic disease model of alcoholism has its roots in early assumptions that have recently been discredited or at least challenged. This study employs an experimental method to examine whether telling individuals with a mild to moderate alcohol addiction that they have a chronic brain disease influences their perceptions of addiction-related agency as well as their feelings of shame and stigma. Participants, recruited online, were randomly assigned to internalise statements promoting (a) a disease model of addiction, (b) a psychosocial model or (c) a neutral control condition; they then completed several indices of agency in relation to drinking, as well as measures of stigma and shame. Participants who internalised the disease model of addiction tended to have weaker perceptions of drinking self-efficacy, whereas internalising psyc...
55 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that among heavy drinking OEF/OIF veterans there is a high base rate of PTSD, and coping motives are frequently reported in this population, and they seem to be related to a more severe pattern of alcohol-related consequences.
Abstract: Objective: This study examined patterns of drinking motives endorsed by heavy drinking veterans who either did or did not meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Data were collected from 69 veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom or Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) who had screened positive for hazardous drinking. The sample was 91.3% male and 65.2% Caucasian. Based on a structured interview, 58% of the sample met criteria for PTSD. Results: The PTSD group scored higher than the non-PTSD group on scales measuring drinking to cope with anxiety and depression and similarly to the non-PTSD group on scales measuring social, enhancement and conformity motives. Coping and social motives were significantly correlated with adverse alcohol consequences. Overall, the PTSD group showed stronger relations between coping scales and aspects of alcohol misuse, relative to the non-PTSD group. Conclusion: These findings suggest first, that among heavy drinking OEF/OIF veterans there is a high base r...
55 citations
TL;DR: Preliminary evidence suggests HRV BFB may be an effective addendum to current first-line SUD treatments, though no firm conclusions can be drawn at this time; more research is needed.
Abstract: Heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV BFB) is a biobehavioural clinical intervention that is gaining growing empirical support for the treatment of a number of psychological disorders, several of which are highly comorbid with substance use disorders (SUDs). The present article reviews the autonomic nervous system bases of two key processes implicated in the formation and maintenance of addictive pathology—affect dysregulation and craving—and asks if HRV BFB may be an effective intervention to ameliorate autonomic nervous system dysregulation in these processes, and as such, prove to be an effective intervention for SUDs. A detailed description of HRV BFB and its delivery is provided. Preliminary evidence suggests HRV BFB may be an effective addendum to current first-line SUD treatments, though no firm conclusions can be drawn at this time; more research is needed.
49 citations
TL;DR: The authors explored the utility of Keyes' concept of mental health in a substance addiction context and found that there would be a significant interaction between substance use and mental health over time, with higher rates of languishing compared to population estimates, yet greater rates of flourishing at all time points.
Abstract: The aim was to explore the utility of Keyes’ concept of mental health in a substance addiction context. Mental health is considered the presence of emotional wellbeing in conjunction with high levels of social and psychological functioning. Using Keyes' measure, the frequency of languishing and flourishing is compared between clients who became abstinent and those continuing to use substances following treatment. It was hypothesised that there would be a significant interaction between substance use and levels of mental health over time. Participants were 794 individuals (79.5% male) attending residential substance abuse treatment provided by The Australian Salvation Army. The current sample was drawn from a larger longitudinal study evaluating routine client outcomes. At entry to treatment there were higher rates of languishing compared to population estimates, yet greater rates of flourishing at all time points compared to community normative data. There was a significant interaction between con...
40 citations
TL;DR: Results corroborate the role played by difficulties in emotion regulation and trait impulsivity in explaining maladaptive alcohol use, and highlight the potential utility of prevention and intervention efforts targeting emotion dysregulation and impulsiveness in reducing alcohol misuse.
Abstract: Notwithstanding the relevance of both emotion dysregulation and impulsivity to alcohol misuse, there is a dearth of study addressing their reciprocal interaction. The first aim of this study was to confirm the role played by difficulties in emotion regulation and trait impulsivity in explaining maladaptive alcohol use, comparing a mixed psychiatric sample (N = 130; 64.4% males; mean age = 43.30 years, SD = 11.83) with community-dwelling individuals (N = 307; 54.3% males; mean age = 36.01 years, SD = 11.88). Results corroborate this hypothesis, with emotion dysregulation and impulsiveness showing their significant association with alcohol misuse, and with levels of all these three components being significantly higher in the clinical sample. This study also extended extant research by explicating the hypothesised indirect effect of emotion dysregulation on alcohol misuse, through the effect of trait impulsivity. Results are also consistent with this latter hypothesis, with trait impulsivity account...
38 citations
TL;DR: In late adolescence and adulthood, women exceed men in smoking initiation and this study raises questions about generally accepted notions on the age at which smoking initiation occurs and its association with health.
Abstract: Background: It is generally accepted that smoking starts in adolescence and earlier initiation is associated with more negative health outcomes. Some research suggests that women initiate smoking at later ages and have more negative health outcomes than men. The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in age of initiation and its association with health.Methods: The sample included men (n = 8506) and women (n = 8479) with a history of smoking from the 2001–2002 National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol Related Conditions. Logistic regression was used to examine gender differences in the effect of late smoking initiation on physical and mental health status after adjusting for covariates.Results: At mostly all ages after 16, women exceeded men in rates of smoking initiation (59.8% versus 50.3%, p < 0.001). Among late initiators (≥16), women were more likely than men to have hypertension (OR: 1.24, CI: 1.09–1.41), heart disease (OR: 1.20, CI: 1.00–1.45), major depressive disorder (O...
32 citations
TL;DR: Findings support prior work indicating that socially anxious men and women may use alcohol differently and provide unique data on the importance of drinking to cope with anxiety specifically among socially anxious women.
Abstract: Social anxiety nearly quintuples the risk of developing an alcohol use disorder. Although accumulating data suggest that socially anxious persons drink to manage negative effect, socially anxious persons suffer from elevations in both anxiety and depression. Thus, the present study sought to determine whether social anxiety was related to drinking to cope with anxiety or depression and whether drinking motives accounted for the relation of social anxiety to drinking problems among 461 (74% female, 48% with clinically elevated social anxiety) undergraduate drinkers. Compared to women with more normative levels of social anxiety, women with clinically elevated social anxiety endorsed more drinking to cope with anxiety and conformity motives. Drinking to cope with anxiety uniquely mediated the relation of social anxiety and drinking problems among women. Among men, social anxiety was uniquely related to conformity motives, which mediated the social anxiety-drinking problems relationship. Findings support prior work indicating that socially anxious men and women may use alcohol differently and provide unique data on the importance of drinking to cope with anxiety specifically among socially anxious women.
TL;DR: The results of this experiment revealed that warning labels presented as statements had no influence on individual and general outcome expectancies and drinking intentions, and warning labels posed in the form of questions showed some effectiveness as they increased individual negative outcome expectancy perception.
Abstract: Alcohol consumption is a leading risk factor for major diseases, particularly among young adults who increasingly engage in binge drinking. Since positive outcome expectancies play a pivotal role in alcohol consumption, we designed alcohol warning labels tailored toward young adults’ outcome expectancies. The warnings were formulated as questions or as statements that were accompanied by a picture. We implemented the warning labels on young adults’ favorite alcohol beverages (beer and alcopops) and presented them in the laboratory. One-hundred twenty-two young adults participated in the study. One third of the sample received the warning labels in question form, one third in statement form, and the final third received no warning labels. We assessed general outcome expectancies, individual outcome expectancies derived from a pre-study, and drinking intentions. The results of this experiment revealed that warning labels presented as statements had no influence on individual and general outcome expe...
TL;DR: In this paper, the stress-straincoping-support (SSCS) model and the social-ecological (SE) model were analyzed in a search for theories that can serve as a foundation for improving the assistance and support provided to families affected by addiction and alcohol and drug problems.
Abstract: The stress–strain-coping-support (SSCS) model and the social-ecological (SE) model were analysed in a search for theories that can serve as a foundation for improving the assistance and support provided to families affected by addiction and alcohol and drug (AOD) problems. The basis for the analyses was a critical realist one, viewing addiction as a multilayered and necessarily laminated phenomenon. The two models approach two different layers of reality: the SSCS model highlights the importance of dealing with mechanisms at the psychological level for affected family members, while the SE model emphasizes the importance of intervening in relationships and systems at the social level of reality. Both models are highlighted as essential for dealing with the complexity of the phenomenon of addiction in families: the SSCS model by providing agency for a neglected group of affected family members and developing a method to address their needs, and the SE model by advocating the relative position of so...
TL;DR: The findings suggest that stigmatising social problems and drug use may be transformed into “illness” by means of an ADHD diagnosis, reflecting widespread processes of medicalisation.
Abstract: While the use of legal medical cannabis is increasing in the USA, the trend is less pronounced in Europe. However, several studies indicate that illegal cannabis use is increasingly given medical justification even in European countries. In this qualitative study of cannabis users in Norway (N = 100), a considerable proportion reported that they used cannabis for allegedly medical reasons, even if none of them had obtained cannabis legally. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was the most prevalent medical motive reported (n = 18), although most users had self-diagnosed this condition. We found that: (i) the ADHD diagnosis was typically a response to various social problems in the participants’ lives; (ii) cannabis reduced symptoms believed to be associated with ADHD and thus reinforced the perceived validity of the diagnosis; (iii) symbolic boundaries were drawn to cannabis used for intoxication and pleasure; and (iv) cannabis was compared with traditional ADHD medications, which were...
TL;DR: The authors apply ontological politics to the analysis of personal narratives from two Australian AOD websites and demonstrate how addiction is conceived narrowly in these narratives as a disorder of compulsion, amenable to treatment.
Abstract: Within the expansive qualitative literature on alcohol and other drug (AOD) use, knowledge of lived experiences of AOD addiction is limited. Much of the existing scholarship reifies addiction as a calamitous state, and pathologises those believed to be experiencing it. Such research discounts the many ways people live with regular AOD use and is unable to tell us much about how addiction emerges through, rather than precedes, people’s experiences and understandings of it. This article draws on the theoretical literature on the production of social problems and the concept of “ontological politics” to introduce an innovative approach to understanding lived experiences of AOD addiction. Applying this literature to a critical analysis of personal narratives from two Australian AOD websites, we demonstrate how addiction is conceived narrowly in these narratives as a disorder of compulsion, amenable to treatment. Not only does this conception reproduce unhelpful assumptions about addiction, it also rei...
TL;DR: In this article, a critical literature review of the intersecting research fields of HIV and cigarette smoking is presented, including individual-and social-level characteristics associated with various smoking behaviors; evidence-based smoking cessation interventions; and findings from cessation interventions among smokers living with HIV.
Abstract: Cigarette smoking is endemic among many populations, but is especially prevalent among people living with HIV, and is consequently associated with a variety of types of morbidity as well as mortality. Despite this knowledge, relatively little research has been conducted among smokers living with HIV. Extant research has focused on examining individual-level characteristics associated with smoking behaviors, to the neglect of examining social-level factors. This manuscript represents a critical literature review of the intersecting research fields of HIV and cigarette smoking. Topics considered within this review include: morbidity, mortality, as well as treatment and medication adherence outcomes; individual- and social-level characteristics associated with various smoking behaviors; evidence-based smoking cessation interventions; and findings from cessation interventions among smokers living with HIV. Additionally, gaps in the existing literature, as well as directions for future research were identified...
TL;DR: The addition of clear SD labels helps consumers to make more accurate estimates of the SD content of their usual beverages than %ABV labels alone and would be more likely to help them comply with drinking guidelines.
Abstract: Background: Barriers exist for drinkers who wish to comply with low-risk guidelines when these are expressed in terms of numbers of “standard drinks” of alcohol. The increasing variability of container sizes and alcoholic strengths mean that percent alcohol by volume (%ABV) labels alone may be insufficient. Aims: To investigate whether standard drink (SD) labels would improve drinkers’ accuracy when estimating personal alcohol consumption. Setting: Private liquor stores near the University of Victoria, BC. Design: A 2 × 3 × 3 experimental design was employed with two labels (%ABV and SD), three beverages (beer, wine, and spirits) and three beverage strengths in balanced order. Subjects estimated the number of standard drinks that would be consumed in scenarios involving containers of their preferred beverages presented with different labels. Participants: A convenience sample of 301 liquor store patrons, aged 19 years and over. Measurements: Participants’ accuracy was determined by the relative an...
TL;DR: Both survey modes provided accurate relative prevalence estimates, but further research should explore determinants of higher prevalence rates among online participants and respondents’ consistent tendency to overestimate perceived population prevalence.
Abstract: Objectives: To describe absolute and relative prevalence of 10 self-attributed substance-related and behavioural addiction problems among Canadian adults, to describe perceived prevalence of these problems in the general population, and to examine whether estimates varied by survey mode. Methods: Sample 1 included 4000 adults recruited from an online research panel; Sample 2 included 2000 randomly selected adults who completed a computer-assisted telephone interview. Respondents in both samples were asked (1) whether or not they had experienced a problem in the preceding year with each of four substances (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine) and six behaviours (gambling, eating, shopping, sex, video gaming, and work), (2) whether they had ever personally knew someone exhibiting a problem with each behaviour, and (3) perceived prevalence of problems in the general population. Results: About half of the respondents reported experiencing any past-year addiction problems. Tobacco and alcohol were...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the impact on, and ways of coping used by, spouses of addicted men in Iran, and found that women tried to hide the problem and to solve the problem alone, feeling for a long time as if they were “walking in the dark” without any social support and exposed to stigma.
Abstract: Drug misuse is increasing and diversifying in Iran This study is the first to explore in detail the impact on, and ways of coping used by, spouses of addicted men in Iran Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 spouses Four main themes were identified in the data: heart-breaking news of the husband’s addiction; coping alone; progressive deterioration and suffering; and disruption of family relationships and finances Reactions upon learning of the husband’s addiction involved shock and collapse, and/or fear, disbelief and confusion Spouses tried to hide the problem and to solve the problem alone, feeling for a long time as if they were “walking in the dark” without any social support and exposed to stigma As time had gone on they had experienced distress and turmoil, and mixed feelings towards, and loss of trust and confidence in, their husbands, whose behaviour was increasingly unreliable This had led to impairment in the relationship, and financial stress, and a general degradati
TL;DR: E-cigarette use is becoming common among users of Stop Smoking Services (despite e-cigarettes being unavailable from such services) and that e-cigarette risk perception is related to e- cigarette status, according to a sample of service users.
Abstract: Introduction: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use rose substantially within the UK in recent years but currently, Stop Smoking Services in England do not prescribe them due to a lack of regulation. Previous research has examined e-cigarette use and attitudes within English Stop Smoking Services using samples of practitioners and managers; the current study recruited a sample of service users. Methods: Participants (N = 319) aged 18–60 years old were recruited from Roy Castle FagEnds, Liverpool, England (Stop Smoking Service). A cross-sectional questionnaire was completed, which recorded demographic variables, e-cigarette use alongside risk perception, and lastly, smoking behaviour i.e. smoking duration, cigarettes per day, and nicotine dependence. Results: Most participants were female (57.1%), current smokers (53.0%), and current or former e-cigarette users (51.7%). Participants who perceived e-cigarettes as less harmful than smoked tobacco were more likely to have smoked fewer cigarettes per ...
TL;DR: Results suggest that EMS are prevalent among individuals with ED pathology seeking treatment for substance use and treatment programs could potentially benefit from the assessment and treatment of EMS among dually diagnosed patients.
Abstract: Numerous studies have examined early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and their relationship to psychological disorders, including eating disorders (EDs) and substance use disorders (SUDs). However, to date, there are no empirical investigations that have examined the relationship between EMS and EDs among individuals seeking treatment for substance use. In an attempt to further elucidate this relationship, the purpose of the current, exploratory study was to examine the relationship between EMS, ED symptomatology (i.e. bulimia and binge-eating but not anorexia) and substance use and to directly compare EMS among individuals with and without a probable ED diagnosis. Participants were 387 men and 132 women seeking residential treatment for substance use. Results demonstrated that 11 of the 18 EMS were significantly associated with ED. Moreover, patients with a probable ED scored significantly higher than patients without a probable ED on 8 of the 18 EMS. Results suggest that EMS are prevalent among indivi...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore addiction through the lens of complex adaptive systems theory, as an emergent, non-linear phenomenon that undergoes cyclical patterns of stability and change, and suggest that addiction is a behavioral pattern that emerges through the dynamic interactions of numerous variables operating both within the individual and in the environment.
Abstract: This paper explores addiction through the lens of complex adaptive systems theory, as an emergent, non-linear phenomenon that undergoes cyclical patterns of stability and change. Particularly, an addiction is a behavioural pattern that emerges through the dynamic interactions of numerous variables operating both within the individual and in the environment. Furthermore, we argue that an addiction moves through the four phases of the adaptive cycle and exists at a given scale nested within a panarchy of other complex systems. Each of these complex adaptive systems is moving through its own adaptive cycle at faster and slower rates, affecting the course of addiction in various ways. We conclude this work by suggesting that forthcoming addiction interventions and research may benefit from the consideration that addiction is a function of three separate, but related, adaptive cycles; the addiction cycle itself; a transitory cycle, and a final cycle in which the individual is actively responsible for t...
TL;DR: Results indicate that the alexithymia construct is an important psychological dimension in the characterization of alcohol dependence, especially the alcohol-dependent phenotypes that are more likely to present co-existing organic complications.
Abstract: Objective: Alcohol abusers are vulnerable to emotional disabilities. Studies have shown that alexithymia is significantly associated with alcohol dependence and many other phenotypic descriptors. Given the high phenotypic heterogeneity that characterizes the alcohol dependence syndrome, the study aims to assess alexithymia features according to a multivariate classification scheme of alcoholism – the Lesch Alcoholism Typology (LAT). Methods: A total of 274 alcohol dependence outpatients (DSM diagnosis) were recruited from the Alcoholism Unit of the Psychiatric Service of Santa Maria University Hospital. After a detailed clinical observation, subjects were evaluated with the alcoholism classification system (LAT) and self-rated alexithymia with the Toronto Alexithymic Scale – 20 items (TAS-20). Results: Data showed that almost half of the alcohol-dependent individuals were defined as alexithymic cases (48.5%). “Organic” alcohol-dependent patients (type IV of Lesch classification) presented higher s...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted the first empirical analysis of the association between young men's within-peer-group status and propensity to respond aggressively to provocation in bars, and examined the mediating role of heavy episodic drinking in this relationship.
Abstract: Although research suggests that male peers play an important role in young men’s bar aggression, little is known about specific peer-related predictors of this behaviour. Both bar aggression and heavy alcohol consumption are associated with traditional masculinity and peer-acceptance among young men; thus, engagement in these behaviours may help young men maintain positive social standings within their male peer groups. Further, increased heavy alcohol consumption may, in turn, facilitate bar aggression. We conducted the first empirical analysis of the association between young men’s within-peer-group status and propensity to respond aggressively to provocation in bars. We also examined the mediating role of heavy episodic drinking in this relationship. In this study, male bar-going university students (N = 116; Mage = 19 years) completed self-reported measures of their within-peer-group status, frequency of heavy episodic drinking in the past month, and their likelihood to physically aggress in r...
TL;DR: The authors examine the psychodynamic processes at play in recovery from addiction and give particular attention to Bernard Lonergan's tripartite model of human beings, which differentiates within the mind two distinct dimensions,psyche and spirit.
Abstract: We examine the psychodynamic processes at play in recovery from addiction and give particular attention to Bernard Lonergan's tripartite model of human beings, which differentiates within the mind two distinct dimensions—psyche and spirit Our goal is to show that the changes that occur during recovery are a direct result of psychic restructuring and are not necessarily, vice versa, due to spiritual growth via relationship with some Higher Power, which some popular recovery programs emphasize as a requisite for recovery To exemplify this claim, we examine in detail three key aspects of psychic restructuring that may result in subsequent spiritual integration: the reestablishment of a sense of self, the development of a sense of connectedness to others, and the ability to regulate emotions In this article we do not intend to aggrandize or disparage popular recovery programs, but to elucidate the process of psychic reintegration and to clarify the genuine spiritual foundation of recovery, and to a
TL;DR: The high cessation rate for the entire study as well as the significant decreases in smoking behaviours and increases in personal competency of the intervention group compared with the waitlist group underscore the impact on behaviour change.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of Motivational Interviewing (MI)-via-Co-Active Life Coaching (CALC) on: smoking behaviours, personal competency as well as changes in perceptions of identity, smoking, quitting and the intervention itself among young adults (aged 19–25 years) in Canada. A mixed methods intent-to-treat approach was taken; the impact of 8–10 MI-via-CALC sessions on smoking behaviour and personal competency of 40 young adult smokers was examined through both questionnaires and individual interviews over 1 year. The immediate-intervention group received MI-via-CALC starting right after enrolment, whereas the waitlist-intervention group was placed on a waitlist for 3 months and then received the intervention. The immediate-intervention group decreased significantly from baseline to post-intervention in smoking behaviours, including the number of cigarettes smoked per day and cigarette dependency; and increased significantly in personal competency, including self-est...
TL;DR: MacAndrew and Edgerton's seminal Drunken Comportment revealed that normative expectations to drunken behaviour differ greatly across cultures as discussed by the authors, and such variation also exists within cultures, where diff...
Abstract: MacAndrew and Edgerton's seminal Drunken Comportment revealed that normative expectations to drunken behaviour differ greatly across cultures. Such variation also exists within cultures, where diff...
TL;DR: Factor 2 craving peaked at 24 h, whereas deficits in response inhibition did not emerge until 72’h, indicating that need to target craving and cognitive function during early abstinence may not occur simultaneously.
Abstract: Background: Nicotine withdrawal produces increased craving for cigarettes and deficits in response inhibition, and these withdrawal symptoms are predictive of relapse. Although it is well establish...
TL;DR: In the last two decades, methamphetamine use has attracted intense concern in many parts of the world as discussed by the authors. This has prompted much policy activity, the formulation of specific prevention campaigns and...
Abstract: Over the last two decades, methamphetamine use has attracted intense concern in many parts of the world. This has prompted much policy activity, the formulation of specific prevention campaigns and...
TL;DR: Using a series of three studies, this article developed an addiction attitudes instrument for use in the general population and completed a preliminary analysis of the moderators of addiction attit-mentioning attitudes.
Abstract: Using a series of three studies, this project developed an addiction attitudes instrument for use in the general population and completed a preliminary analysis of the moderators of addiction attit...