Showing papers in "Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 2014"

TL;DR: Adiponectin is a hormone that is derived from adipose tissue and is reduced in obesity-linked diseases including insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis and ongoing research into their role will clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms of adiponECTin.

TL;DR: The majority of babies with CH worldwide are not detected and treated early, such that the economic burden of retardation owing to CH remains a significant public health challenge.

TL;DR: Routine measurement of adiponectin in patients with lifestyle-related diseases is highly recommended, and hyperadiponectinemia is associated with cardiac, renal and pulmonary diseases.

TL;DR: This review describes the major target tissues in which distinct adiponectin multimers exert their functional roles and highlights the roles of Disulfide bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L) in the prevention of endoplasmic reticulum stress and promotion of adiponECTin multimerization, stability, and function.

TL;DR: How adiponectin-induced changes in these tissues lead to improvements in glucose metabolism, highlighting the sphingolipid signaling mechanisms linking adip onectin to each action is summarized.

TL;DR: Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is a mitochondrial anion carrier protein, which uncouples the oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production by dissipating the proton gradient generated across the mitochondrial inner membrane as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: This review summarizes recent advances on the molecular mechanisms by which adiponectin sensitizes insulin actions, and discusses the roles of APPL1 in regulating both adip onectin and insulin signaling cascades.

TL;DR: The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is particularly regarded as a critical platform that integrates circulating signals of hunger and satiety reflecting energy stores and nutrient availability and the orexigenic/anabolic action of NPY/AgRP neurons is believed to rely essentially on their inhibitory input onto POMC neurons and second-orders targets.

TL;DR: In summary, adiponectin acting in an autocrine and endocrine manner has important metabolic and insulin sensitizing effects on skeletal muscle which contribute to the overall anti-diabetic outcome of adiponECTin action.

TL;DR: Among the nutrients, sufficient dietary intakes of calcium and protein are necessary for bone health in childhood and adolescence as well as later in life, and there are interplays between genetic factors, nutritional intakes and physical exercise.

TL;DR: Recent findings on islet innervation, the connections of the islet with the brain, and the role islets innervation plays during the progression of diabetes are discussed.

TL;DR: More than one tenth of the world population is to some degree affected by goitre and most of these harbour nodules as mentioned in this paper, and the large differences in thyroid disease prevalence between populations may be caused by genetic and environmental factors.

TL;DR: Evidence that links Adiponectin signaling to either cancer-protective or cancer-supporting functions is highlighted and its role in cancer remains multifaceted and subject to controversy.

TL;DR: The trends in the prevalence of lipid disorders in diabetes, advances in the mechanisms contributing to diabetic dyslipidemia, and current evidence regarding appropriate therapeutic recommendations are summarized.

TL;DR: It is hoped that one or more of these therapeutic approaches will result in the ability to further reduce risk for cardiovascular events once low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol targets have been attained.

TL;DR: The evidence supporting the inverse relationship between HDL-C and cardiovascular disease risk is explored, documented mechanisms by which HDL particles may exert atheroprotection are documented, and the findings either supporting or negating specific therapeutic interventions in patients afflicted with low LDL-C are explored.

TL;DR: The review will highlight the molecular mechanisms of thyroid organogenesis, clinical and genetic features of the different monogenetic forms of thyroid dysgenesis, the aspects relevant for diagnosis and counseling of affected families and current research strategies to get more insight into the non-Medelian mechanisms of normal and abnormal thyroid development.

TL;DR: In this paper, percutaneous ethanol injection and thermal ablation with laser or radiofrequency have been evaluated for the management of relapsing thyroid cysts in office-based management of symptomatic nodules without requiring general anaesthesia, and with negligible damage to the skin and cervical tissues.

TL;DR: The importance to the general clinician of screening for and treating the osteoporosis in patients, so to limit the resultant increased morbidity associated with fractures is highlighted.

TL;DR: The diverse cardiometabolic actions of adiponectin are reviewed, with a focus on the role of T-cadherin, a GPI-anchored adiponECTin-binding protein recently identified as critical for the cardiac-protective and revascularization actions of obesity.

TL;DR: An overview of epidemiologic relationships with obesity, inflammation, and diabetes is provided as the backdrop for an evaluation of the clinical applications of adiponectin measurements.

TL;DR: Data gleaned over the past few years have uncovered new features at the mechanisms of action involved in thyroid hormones, including specific energy sensors, acting in specific groups of hypothalamic neurons, mediating many of the effects of thyroid hormones on food intake, energy expenditure, glucose, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular function.

TL;DR: The mechanism of action of adiponectin in the kidney appears to be related to AMPK activation and NADPH oxidase, and further studies are needed to elucidate this pathway and investigate the role of potential targets of adip onectin-AMPK-Nox pathway for CKD as obesity-related CKD is increasing worldwide.

TL;DR: Prioritization of drugs should be based on the individual profile of the patient, the severity of osteoporosis and the specific contraindications, warnings and precautions of use of the various available medications.

TL;DR: The identification of other predictive factors, such as severe biochemical hyperthyroidism at diagnosis, young age and the absence of other autoimmune conditions, has made it possible to stratify patients according to the risk of relapse, leading to improvements in patient management.

TL;DR: The main findings of a series of studies performed in Generation R, a population-based birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, aimed to investigate the relation between mild maternal thyroid hormone deficiency in early gestation and children's verbal and nonverbal cognitive function and executive function are discussed.

TL;DR: Clinical practice should emphasize tailoring therapy to address each individual's cholesterol goals and risk of developing adverse effects on lipid-lowering drugs, as well as management strategies and algorithms for statin-associated toxicities.

TL;DR: The present paper summarizes the underlying evidence for a risk role for triglyceride levels in cardiovascular disease and pancreatitis, current treatment recommendations and areas of future research.

TL;DR: Lifestyle modifications (dietary restriction and increased exercise) and pharmacological treatments favourably alter lipoprotein transport by decreasing the hepatic secretion of VLDL-apoB and the catabolism of HDL apoA-I, as well as by increasing the clearance of LDL-apo B.

TL;DR: Thyroid imaging with iodine or iodine-analogue isotopes is the only examination able to prove the presence of autonomously functioning thyroid tissue, which excludes malignancy with a high probability.