Showing papers in "Cytokine in 2015"

TL;DR: Whether Th cell pathogenicity can be defined solely based on their cytokine profiles and whether rigid definition of a Th cell subset by its cytokine profile is helpful are discussed.

TL;DR: Several genetic modifications or mutations associated with dysregulated IL-1 activity and autoinflammatory disorders were identified in mouse models and in patients and paved the road to the successful use of IL- 1 inhibitors in diseases that were previously considered as untreatable.

TL;DR: A distinct profile of cytokine imbalance in SLE patients was showed and reduction in IFN-γ (TH1) and TGF-β1 (Treg) with the elevation in IL-6 and IL-17 (TH17) could imply skewing of T-cells toward TH17 cells.

TL;DR: The purpose of this chapter is to review the current understanding of the distinct roles that IL-4 and IL-13 play in allergic inflammatory states and the utility of their modulation as potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of allergic disorders.

TL;DR: A number of cytokines have been therapeutically targeted with success, revolutionizing treatment of this disease and are reviewed here to suggest potential therapeutic targets.

TL;DR: An overview of TLR activation and their downstream signalling cascades is provided, and some of the recent findings concerning the assembly of a TLR oligomeric signalling platform, known as the Myddosome are discussed.

TL;DR: This review will focus on the signaling pathways and key molecules that determine the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, and how the expression of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-4 and IL-13, is regulated in Th1 cells.

TL;DR: Several cytokines, including CCL28, a chemokine that directs the migration of plasma cells to mucosal sites, are discussed and their likely functional consequences on the immune response are discussed.

TL;DR: IL6 can be both protective and pathogenic, depending on the kinetics of the host response, and studies from myocardial infarction show how short-term IL6 signaling can protect and preserve the heart tissue in response to acute damage.

TL;DR: Evidence is provided that aberrant Fas-mediated deletion of IL-10-producing B cells subverts the immunoregulatory role ofIL-10 in autoimmune diabetes and that modulation of the Fas pathway preserves the IL-8 producing B cells and completely protects NOD mice from developing the disease.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the literature surrounding the function and expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in CD4+ T cells and innate immune cells and highlights recent findings in vivo regarding the differential expression and non-canonical regulation of IL/IL-4 in various immune cells, which likely play important and underappreciated roles in type-2 immunity.

TL;DR: New discoveries are highlighted and concepts in the field of IL-4 and IL-13 structure, receptor regulation, signaling and experimental therapeutics in normal gestation, fetal development and neurological function are consolidated.

TL;DR: Current knowledge and understanding of how the IL-1 family of cytokines affects the initiation and progression of obesity-induced insulin resistance have increased significantly are reviewed, with emphasis on the therapeutic potential of individual members of the interleukin-1family of cytokine for improving insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes.

TL;DR: Pre-clinical and clinical studies pertaining to recombinant immunotoxins designed to target these receptors are discussed and some of the important attributes of IL-4 and IL-13 receptors in cancer biology are summarized.

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that the administration of chemotherapy agents initiates a cascade of biological changes, with short-lived alterations in the cytokine milieu inducing persistent epigenetic alterations that lead to changes in gene expression, alterations in metabolic activity and neuronal transmission responsible for generating the subjective experience of cognition.

TL;DR: The understanding of the role of cytokines in RA can be used for patients' benefit and may assist both the diagnostic process and therapy.

TL;DR: The enigmatic Interleukin 12 (IL-12) family of cytokines plays crucial roles in shaping immune responses during antigen presentation and influence cell-fate decisions of differentiating naïve T cells, making IL-12 family cytokines important therapeutic targets or agents in a number of inflammatory diseases.

TL;DR: Outside of myelopoiesis, GM-CSF has a profound role in regulating the immune response and maintaining immunological tolerance.

TL;DR: The rationale for targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, COPD, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease and fibrotic disease is discussed as well as evaluating the associated clinical data derived from blockingIL-4, IL-13 or IL-2 and IL-3 together.

TL;DR: The literature on mast cell activation associated with IL-4 and IL-13 production, including downstream signaling, is summarized and the positive and negative roles each cytokine plays in mast cell immunity are described.

TL;DR: The author was "present at the creation" and has been a participant or a witness to virtually all the major advances and recounts here his recollection of this history of the discovery and development of IL-4.

TL;DR: The various mechanisms by which macrophages have been proposed to secrete IL-1 family cytokines, and the potential involvement of caspase-1 therein are reviewed.

TL;DR: Characteristics of the different CCR6+ Th cell populations, their plasticity, and their potential impact on rheumatoid arthritis are discussed.

TL;DR: Mechanistically, toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and the pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu have been shown to play important roles in the induction of effector cytokines in Tregs.

TL;DR: A delicate balance exists between the therapeutic benefits of VEGF and the hazards of tumor growth and neo-angiogenesis, which may allow for the development of effective therapies for ischemia which simultaneously limit its more deleterious side effects.

TL;DR: In conjunction with their major role in pathogenesis of SLE, baseline serum levels of IL-6 and IL-17 can be used as sensitive biomarkers for disease activity, as well as predictors of remission of lupus nephritis.

TL;DR: Based on limited human studies with underlying biology, it is seen that the recombinants, G- CSF and GM-CSF appear to have modest, but significant medicinal value in treating radiation accident victims.

TL;DR: This review clarifies the role of Th17 cells and its cytokines in the pathogenesis of RA, and provides an overview of the clinical trials using immunotherapy to target this particular T helper subset or the two main effector cytokines by which the Th 17 cells exert their function, IL-17 and IL-22.

TL;DR: By studying clinical and molecular responses following treatment with specific immune antagonists, the understanding of and ability to treat Atopic Dermatitis will expand.

TL;DR: This review briefly summarizes the RLR system, and focuses on the relationship between LGP2 and MDA5, describing in detail how these two proteins work together to detect foreign RNA and generate a fully functional antiviral response.