Showing papers in "Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America in 2008"

TL;DR: The challenges for the future include the prevention or correction of obesity and elevated plasma FFA levels through methods that include decreased caloric intake and increased caloric expenditure, the development of methods to measure FFAs in small blood samples, and the developmentof efficient pharmacologic approaches to normalize increased plasma F FA levels.

TL;DR: All of the currently available secreted adipose tissue products that have been identified at the protein level are presented, including adipocytes, preadipocytes, immune cells, and endothelial cells.

TL;DR: An integrated perspective is provided on how metabolic signals emanating from the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, and other peripheral organs target the brain to regulate feeding, energy expenditure, and hormones.

TL;DR: The incremental benefit of RRA in low risk patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer after total or near-total thyroidectomy who are receiving thyroid hormone suppressive therapy remains unclear.

TL;DR: Any process interfering with dopamine synthesis, its transport to the pituitary gland, or its action at the level of lactotroph dopamine receptors can cause hyperprolactinemia, and hyper Prolactinomas can have clinical effects not only on the reproductive axis.

TL;DR: The implications of pathway-selective insulin resistance in vascular endothelium, interactions between endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, and therapeutic interventions that may simultaneously improve both metabolic and cardiovascular physiology in insulin-resistant conditions are discussed.

TL;DR: Current thinking that is shaping molecular understanding of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis is addressed, and promising drugs such as the thiazolidinediones have come under scrutiny for possible deleterious CV effects.

TL;DR: Patency of the airway should be kept in mind throughout the patient's course and individuals with impending airway obstruction, in the absence of imminent death from other sites of disease, should be considered for a tracheostomy to secure theAirway.

TL;DR: Cushing's syndrome is a rare endocrine disease characterized by cortisol hypersecretion induced mainly by a pituitary tumor or, rarely, by an adrenal or an ectopic neuroendocine tumor.

TL;DR: Clinically nonfunctioning adenomas (CNFAs) range from being completely asymptomatic, and therefore detected at autopsy or as incidental findings on head MRI or CT scans performed for other reasons, to causing significant hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction and visual field compromise because of their large size.

TL;DR: There is a high degree of association of both intrahepatocellular and intramyocellular lipids with insulin resistance and associated cardiometabolic risk factors, and further research is necessary to determine the orchestrated roles of adipose and nonadipose tissue compartments in the regulation of insulin sensitivity.

TL;DR: Intra-abdominal obesity is a key strategy for simultaneous improvement in global cardiovascular risk, with anticipated improvements in survival and quality of life.

TL;DR: The latest advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle in T2D and obesity are discussed, with a focus on possible links between insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction.

TL;DR: A risk-adapted follow-up paradigm that incorporates each of the well-known risk factors for recurrence and death from thyroid cancer, with a response to therapy variable as well as duration of disease-free survival is presented.

TL;DR: In today's society with the escalating levels of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome is receiving considerable attention and is the subject of much controversy.

TL;DR: This article addresses the following aspects of intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer: thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins of the stimulatory family mutations in hyperfunctioning tumors.

TL;DR: The sonographic features of thyroid nodules associated with malignancy and the role of ultrasound in the management of patients with thyroid cancer are discussed.

TL;DR: The study of extreme human obesity caused by single gene defects has confirmed that the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin system is critical for energy balance in humans, because disruption of these pathways causes the most severe obesity phenotypes.

TL;DR: Investigation of patients with hypopituitarism requires a combination of basal hormone levels and dynamic function tests; management requires regular monitoring.

TL;DR: The role of PI3K pathway activation in thyroid cancer is discussed, with a focus on recent advances.

TL;DR: In this article, the RET proto-oncogene mutation was identified as a very relevant component of development of both sporadic and hereditary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and was used to identify and treat children at risk for this disease before development of metastasis.

TL;DR: The current types of bariatric surgery, their respective outcomes, and their impact on obesity-related medical comorbidities are delineated.

TL;DR: The unique influence of cognitive, behavioral, and metabolic factors on weight loss and weight-loss maintenance are reviewed, and how future treatment packages might be modified to improve long-term weight loss outcomes are reviewed.

TL;DR: It appears that the adverse impact of overall obesity, as estimated by body mass index, is comparable to that of abdominal Obesity, as quantified by waist circumference, and the loss of insulin sensitivity is the loss that explains why obese individuals are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease.

TL;DR: This article focuses on the mechanisms involved in the development of the proatherogenic lipid changes associated with obesity.

TL;DR: The current knowledge on obesity-related hypertension is reviewed, which indicates that the relationship between hypertension and obesity is multifaceted; the etiology is complex and it is not well elucidated.

TL;DR: Advances in the field of host-microbe interactions in the gut are summarized to include microbes actively communicating with microbes of the same and other species; host cells recognizing and interacting with commensal versus pathogenic organisms; and microbes releasing peptides that resemble peptide hormones of vertebrates, possibly influencing host cell function.

TL;DR: The data about the mechanism of activation of downstream signal transduction pathways by RET oncoproteins is examined to advance the understanding of the processes underlying thyroid carcinoma formation.

TL;DR: The physiology of hyperosmolar and hypoosmolar syndromes is reviewed, and a discussion of the pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment of specific pre- and postoperative disorders of water metabolism in patients with pituitary lesions is focused on.

TL;DR: The anterior pituitary is a complex heterogeneous gland that exerts a central role in the integration of several regulatory systems and its six key hormones are essential for reproduction, growth and development, metabolism, adaptation to external environmental changes, and stress.