Showing papers in "Immunology Today in 1993"

TL;DR: In this article, the authors hypothesize that TH2 cytokines inhibit TH1 responses, improving fetal survival but impairing responses against some pathogens, since pregnant females are susceptible to intracellular pathogens and are biased towards humoral rather than cell mediated immunity.

TL;DR: This viewpoint proposes that an imbalance in the TH1-type and TH2-type responses contributes to the immune dysregulation associated with HIV infection, and that resistance to HIV infection and/or progression to AIDS is dependent on a TH1-->TH2 dominance.

TL;DR: Evidence that increased levels of circulating, soluble adhesion molecules may be a key to understanding the prognosis and pathology of certain diseases is reviewed.

TL;DR: Recent data indicate that phagocyte recognition of apoptotic cells as 'senescent-self' involves at least three classes of receptors on the phagocytes surface, while apoptotic Cells may display their 'edible' status in a number of different ways.

TL;DR: One of the new cytokines discovered, Interleukin 12, is reported on and the significance of the many effects it has on the regulation of immunity and its importance to the generation of TH1 cells is discussed.

TL;DR: In this article, three types of evidence can be marshalled to establish that a human disease is autoimmune in origin: direct evidence from transfer of pathogenic antibody or pathogenic T cells; indirect evidence based on reproduction of the autoimmune disease in experimental animals; and circumstantial evidence from clinical clues.

TL;DR: Receptors for the Fc domain of IgG (Fc gamma R) provide a critical link between specific humoral responses and the cellular branch of the immune system and, importantly, recent evidence points at the relevance of this Fc Gamma R heterogeneity.

TL;DR: Uri Galili argues that the interaction between anti-Gal in the serum and alpha-galactosyl epitopes on cells of nonprimate grafts may act as an immunological barrier which prevents xenotransplantation.

TL;DR: CD14 function, its expression in different cell types and the regulation of expression, including the generation of soluble CD14, are described, and the diagnostic value of CD14 in various diseases is discussed.

TL;DR: Data is presented from a variety of tumour types, suggesting that HLA class I alterations may occur at a particular step between the development of an in situ lesion and an invasive carcinoma.

TL;DR: A detailed overview of the basic thymic components is provided, backed up by an extensive bibliography and full colour poster, followed by an examination of the mutual interdependence ofThymic stroma and thymocyte.

TL;DR: In this article, a dynamic model of auto-immunity with T-cell recruitment and selection leading to changes in the specificity of the anti-self response during the course of disease is proposed.

TL;DR: Recent advances in understanding of early T-cell development are summarized and five 'control points' that identify key events in this sequence of differentiation steps are described.

TL;DR: A model in which proteoglycans on the luminal surface of endothelium capture pro-adhesive cytokines provide the adhesion-inducing signal to particular leukocyte subsets which initiates their transmigration.

TL;DR: A model in which partial T-cell activation and TCR antagonism are related events in a continuum of signalling through the TCR is presented.

TL;DR: Fiona Powrie and Robert Coffman discuss how manipulation of the levels of these cytokines can be used to alter the balance of TH cell subsets and illustrate some clinical situations where this may be beneficial.

TL;DR: Here, Lawrence Schwartz and Barbara Osborne define the terms and ideas relevant to the study of cell death in a way that will be accessible to investigators from all fields.

TL;DR: The immunosuppressants cyclosporin and FK506 block the calcium-dependent signal-transduction pathway emanating from the T-cell receptor, thereby inhibiting the activation of helper T cells and uncovered several intracellular signaling molecules bridging the generation of second-messenger Ca2+ ion and the transcriptional activation of IL-2.

TL;DR: The components of the skin immune system are identified and the inflammatory and immunological responses that they can mount are described.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the nature of the B-cell activator, in combination with cytokines produced by antigen non-specific cells, including macrophages, NK cells, and polyclonally activated B cells, may play an important role in the process leading to Ig isotype switching in response to TI antigens.

TL;DR: The family of proteins collectively known as Fc receptors plays a variety of roles both in the initiation of the immune response and in its consequences and these events are the focus of this review.

TL;DR: Inadequate costimulation of tumor-reactive T cells may contribute to the fact that antigenic tumors are not normally rejected by the immune system, and weak anti-tumor immune responses may be amplified by upregulation of CD28 triggering.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors employed polarized epithelial monolayers to neutralize intracellular microbial pathogens, such as viruses, directly within epithelial cells and to bind antigens in the mucosal lamina propria and excrete them through the adjacent epithelium into the lumen.

TL;DR: Non-obese diabetic mice are commonly used in autoimmune research but the diversity of these mice in developing autoimmune disease under different conditions prompted a group of researchers to compile a questionnaire on this subject.

TL;DR: The recently accumulating evidence that apoptosis can also be initiated in mature peripheral T cells; this may constitute an important aspect of cellular immune regulation.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the optimal mutation schedule is one in which periods of rapid mutation alternate with periods of mutation-free growth, and the multicompartmental structure of the germinal center will naturally implement such a schedule.

TL;DR: The authors hypothesize that T cells may provide maturation and survival signals that are necessary for the development and maintenance of their microenvironment.

TL;DR: The structures of the VpreB and lambda 5 genes in mouse and their relatives in humans are reviewed, their pattern of expression is described, and speculate on their possible evolution and functions are speculated on.

TL;DR: This review considers the involvement of CD4, CD8, and CD45 on the two lymphocyte lineages and concludes that CD4 and CD8 are functional analogues, providing similar supplementary signals to those generated through the TCR-CD3 complex on MHC class-II- and MHCclass-I-restricted T cells, respectively.