Showing papers in "International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology in 2017"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss three commonly used ways to demonstrate rigor when conducting sport and exercise psychology research, and discuss the importance of rigor in sport psychology research.
Abstract: Qualitative research has grown within sport and exercise psychology and is now widely conducted The purpose of this review is to discuss three commonly used ways to demonstrate rigor when conducti
1,681 citations
TL;DR: A model that distinguishes between implicit and explicit processes to PYD is presented and results of an inductive meta-data analysis produced three categories: PYD climate, life skills program focus, and PYD outcomes.
Abstract: The overall purpose of this study was to create a model of positive youth development (PYD) through sport grounded in the extant qualitative literature. More specifically, the first objective was to review and evaluate qualitative studies of PYD in sport. The second objective was to analyze and synthesize findings from these studies. Following record identification and screening, 63 articles were retained for analysis. Meta-method analysis revealed strengths of studies were the use of multiple data collection and validity techniques, which produced high-quality data. Weaknesses were limited use of ‘named’ methodologies and inadequate reporting of sampling procedures. Philosophical perspectives were rarely reported, and theory was used sparingly. Results of an inductive meta-data analysis produced three categories: PYD climate (adult relationships, peer relationships, and parental involvement), life skills program focus (life skill building activities and transfer activities), and PYD outcomes (in ...
400 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a definition and model of life skills transfer and outline future research needs, focusing on the athlete learner's experience of learning transfer, and examine how athletes bring personal assets and autobiographical experiences to sport and explain how transfer contexts provide environmental conditions, which, depending on how they...
Abstract: For a sport skill to be considered a life skill, it must be successfully transferred and applied beyond sport. Life skills transfer is an essential process, but it has yet to be fully delineated within the sport psychology literature. The purpose of the current paper is to present a definition and model of life skills transfer and outline future research needs. A critical review of the literature within sport psychology and other learning-based disciplines is offered to assess our current understanding of learning transfer. A definition and model of transfer are then presented, focusing on the athlete learner’s experience of life skills transfer. Within the model, we first examine how athletes bring personal assets and autobiographical experiences to sport. Second, we explore how sport is a learning environment with distinctive demands, programme designs, and coach characteristics and strategies. Third, we explain how transfer contexts provide environmental conditions, which, depending on how they...
169 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that expert decision-making can be directly assessed if sport action is understood as an expression of embedded and embodied cognition, starting with a critica...
Abstract: Expert decision-making can be directly assessed, if sport action is understood as an expression of embedded and embodied cognition. Here, we discuss evidence for this claim, starting with a critica...
137 citations
TL;DR: In this article, mindfulness and experiential acceptance approaches have been suggested as a method of promoting athletic performance by optimally managing the interplay among attention, cognition, and memory.
Abstract: Background: Mindfulness and experiential acceptance approaches have been suggested as a method of promoting athletic performance by optimally managing the interplay among attention, cognition, and ...
121 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic review was conducted to determine the direction and strength of the prospective relationship between social support and PA among healthy adults, including studies up until December 2015, in the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus.
Abstract: The objective of this review was to determine the direction and strength of the prospective relationship between social support and PA among healthy adults. A systematic review was conducted; including studies up until December 2015, in the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus. Published English and French written studies were included if the reported study used a longitudinal design; examined the relationship between social support and PA over at least two intervals; and assessed a sample of healthy adults between 18–65 years of age. Two reviewers independently extracted study information and independently assessed the risk of bias in each study. The initial search yielded a total of 2892 citations, and 20 studies were included in the review. Follow-up period ranged from 2 weeks to 10 years. Irrespective of the type and source of support, the strength and direction of the association between social support and PA was inconsistent across studies, with effec...
106 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the association of different components of physical fitness on cognitive performance (CP) and academic performance (AP) in adolescents, taking into account potential confounders.
Abstract: Background: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the association of different components of physical fitness on cognitive performance (CP) and academic performance (AP) in adolescents, taking into account potential confounders. Method: Studies were identified in four databases (Pubmed, SportDiscus, Web of Science, and ProQuest) from January 2005 through to January 2015. A total of 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: 8 studies showed association between physical fitness and CP, and 11 studies with AP. Cardiorespiratory fitness, speed-agility, motor coordination, and perceptual-motor skill are the highest measures associated with CP and AP. However, the findings on strength and flexibility are unclear. Finally, 62% of the 21 studies used confounders. The most controlled confounder were socioeconomic status, fatness, pubertal status, sex, and age. Conclusion: Fitness is associated with higher CP and AP. More research is needed in order to understand the causes of the diff...
95 citations
TL;DR: A mixed studies systematic review of English-language, peer-reviewed, original research articles (from the earliest record until March 2015) was undertaken to identify psychosocial outcomes of sport for adults over age 65 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Although sport is promoted as a vehicle to enhance health and well-being throughout the life course, little is known about the psychosocial benefits and costs associated with sport participation in older adulthood. A mixed studies systematic review of English-language, peer-reviewed, original research articles (from the earliest record until March 2015) was undertaken to identify psychosocial outcomes of sport for adults over age 65 and to determine whether sport provides psychosocial outcomes that are distinct from other forms of physical activity. Results suggest sport involvement later in life was related to ageing, cognitive/perceptual, emotional, social, and motivational outcomes but it remains unclear whether these effects were solely related to participation in sport. Additional work with increased attention to methodological design and participant recruitment is needed to better understand psychosocial outcomes of older adults’ sport participation and to inform potential interventions. Rec...
75 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the diversity of adverse situations across different contexts, not least because of the diversity in adverse situations in the context of resilience research, and propose a conceptual inconsistency in conceptual consistency.
Abstract: Resilience research is plagued with conceptual inconsistencies, particularly when considered across different contexts, not least because of the diversity of adverse situations across these context...
75 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed two fundamental "choking" models: distraction and self-focus, and found that they describe sub-optimal sport performance in stressful situations.
Abstract: Choking under pressure describes suboptimal sport performance in stressful situations, which has led to two fundamental ‘choking’ models: distraction and self-focus. The purpose of this review was ...
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relevance of narcissism within performance settings and provide a platform for future research in the area is discussed, concluding that narcissists' performance is contingent upon perceived opportunities for glory.
Abstract: The performance arena provides a multitude of opportunities for lionizing the self. Narcissistic individuals crave admiration and glory, and thus the performance domain constitutes an ideal medium for researchers to explore narcissistic behavior. However, despite its potential relevance and substantial research history within mainstream psychology, narcissism is only now starting to receive interest from researchers in the sport and performance domain. In this article, we aim to raise the relevance of narcissism (and more generally personality) within performance settings and provide a platform for future research in the area. We review research on the relation between narcissism and performance and conclude that narcissists’ performance is contingent upon perceived opportunities for glory. We also offer suggestions for explanatory mechanisms. Further, we examine factors that may influence narcissistic behavior in environments that vary in their opportunity for glory. In addition, as leadership po...
TL;DR: A review of the existing literature around the psychological construct of interpersonal conflict, including its antecedents, management strategies and outcomes within the context of coach-athlete relationships as well as other relational contexts in sport is presented in this paper.
Abstract: Although social and personal relationships are vital for productivity, health and wellbeing, conflict is inevitable and is likely to cause upset and hurt feelings as well as anxiety and distrust. Despite the potentially central role of interpersonal conflict in sport, researchers have yet to pay concerted attention to exploring the nature of conflict, its antecedents and consequences. Following a thorough literature search 80 research papers were identified, of which only a small number (6) studied interpersonal conflict directly, most captured dysfunctional interpersonal processes such as breakdown of communication. The current review aims to provide a critical summary of the existing literature around the psychological construct of interpersonal conflict, including its antecedents, management strategies and outcomes within the context of coach–athlete relationships as well as other relational contexts in sport. Based on the relevant literature, a framework of interpersonal conflict is proposed, ...
TL;DR: Theoretical frameworks and techniques that have the potential to effectively change coach behaviours are not being used frequently or consistently in the design and implementation of CDPs.
Abstract: Coaches are often targeted in interventions to enhance athlete outcomes. While coach development programmes (CDPs) may change coach behaviour, little is known about theories and techniques used to ...
TL;DR: A review of some key quantitative methods that are relevant to contemporary quantitative research in sport and exercise psychology can be found in this article, where the authors provide a review of their work.
Abstract: The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a review of some key quantitative methods that are relevant to contemporary quantitative research in sport and exercise psychology. To achieve t...
TL;DR: The ability to examine within-person change is essential to test process-based theories in sport and exercise psychology as mentioned in this paper, but most longitudinal studies focus solely on between-person/group differences, not on withinperson change.
Abstract: The ability to examine within-person change is essential to test process-based theories in sport and exercise psychology. Longitudinal data, whether experimental or observational, are prerequisites to be able to examine change processes, but most longitudinal studies in sport and exercise psychology focus solely on between-person/group differences, not on within-person change. In this review, we (1) provide researchers in the sport and exercise psychology field with a framework for longitudinal research that focuses on within-person change; (2) provide an overview of how researchers in sport and exercise psychology currently analyse longitudinal data, which showed that most longitudinal studies focus on between-person/group differences; and (3) provide examples of statistical models for analysing longitudinal data that correspond to the framework for longitudinal research. In the examples, we focus on latent variable modelling, such as latent growth-curve modelling and latent change-score modellin...
TL;DR: A systematic review using a narrative approach to synthesise information was conducted in this paper, which aimed to systematically identify terms used in empirical studies to describe psychological components purported to facilitate athletes' development; analyse the definition and meanings of these terms; and group, label and define terms into meaning clusters.
Abstract: Inconsistencies in the use and definition of psychological terms within the talent development literature have been identified. To advance the scientific field, the creation of a shared language is recommended. This review aimed to systematically (1) identify terms used in empirical studies to describe psychological components purported to facilitate athletes’ development; (2) analyse the definition and meanings of these terms; and (3) group, label, and define terms into meaning clusters. A systematic review using a narrative approach to synthesise information was conducted. A comprehensive literature search of SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and ERIC was completed in May 2015. In total, 21 empirical studies, published between 2002 and 2015, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the narrative synthesis. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the findings. Identified psychological terms were categorised as psychological skills or psychological characteristics. Psychological skills wer...
TL;DR: The evidence base pointing towards the maladaptive health consequences of an inactive lifestyle highlights the need for interventions that are effective in changing and maintaining physical activit... as mentioned in this paper, 2013.
Abstract: The evidence base pointing towards the maladaptive health consequences of an inactive lifestyle highlights the need for interventions that are effective in changing and maintaining physical activit...
TL;DR: A review of qualitative studies concerning the acceptability of physical activity to community dwelling older adults was carried out by as mentioned in this paper, who found that older adults construed physical activity as a by-product of other activities, rather than as a purposeful activity within itself.
Abstract: Despite the significant health benefits of regular physical activity for older adults, only a minority achieve recommended levels. To develop effective interventions, the reasons for the low levels of physical activity in this population must be understood. The present review identifies and synthesizes qualitative studies concerning the acceptability of physical activity to community dwelling older adults. A systematic search of four electronic databases identified 10 studies meeting inclusion criteria. These were appraised, and findings were combined and compared using thematic synthesis. Older adults construed physical activity as a by-product of other activities, rather than as a purposeful activity within itself. This seemed to be linked to their self-perception as an ageing member of society, with physical activity considered irrelevant, and competing roles and responsibilities (e.g., family) taking precedence. Additionally, older adults appeared to experience conflict between maintaining the...
TL;DR: Two dominant explanations of choking under pressure, self-focus and distraction, have been enduringly presented as competing mechanisms of motor skill failure under performance stress as discussed by the authors, and they have been proven to be false.
Abstract: Two dominant explanations of choking under pressure – self-focus and distraction – have been enduringly presented as competing mechanisms of motor skill failure under performance stress. Dual-task ...
TL;DR: In sport, athletes engage in large amounts of practice to reach higher levels of performance and self-regulated learning (SRL) could be critical for optimizing training conditions and maximizing train...
Abstract: In sport, athletes engage in large amounts of practice to reach higher levels of performance. Self-regulated learning (SRL) could be critical for optimizing training conditions and maximizing train...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the reciprocal relationship between players' action capabilities and their perceptual-cognitive skill and consider the need for a paradigm shift in the experimental approach used when examining the development of sport expertise.
Abstract: This review poses three key issues that will progress our understanding of the sport expertise literature and its translational scientific impact. Primarily relying on research conducted in interceptive sport tasks, and to a lesser extent team sports, we review the perceptual-cognitive skills of sports experts and explore the challenge of designing a sufficiently representative task to examine expertise. We focus on the methodological challenges presented by the reciprocal relationship between players’ action capabilities and their perceptual-cognitive skill. Second, we consider the need for a paradigm shift in the experimental approach used when examining the development of sport expertise. In short, a shift from traditional expert-novice designs to more prospective longitudinal designs that cross-sectionally track the development of expertise is discussed. The final issue considers how the volume of in situ data now collected provides a rich source of information that sport expertise researchers...
TL;DR: Social norms are unwritten rules about how to behave in a group, and have been shown to impact health behavior change as mentioned in this paper, however, there are equivocal findings regarding social norms in the context of physica...
Abstract: Social norms are unwritten rules about how to behave in a group, and have been shown to impact health behaviour change. There are equivocal findings regarding social norms in the context of physica...
TL;DR: This article examined the development of methodologies and measures used in sport and exercise psychology (SEP) publications between 1979 and 2013 and found that overall SEP has included more behavioural measures in comparison to other psychology domains, and there has been substantial sampling of sport-and exercise behaviours using direct rather than indirect behavioural measures.
Abstract: This study examined the development of methodologies and measures used in sport and exercise psychology (SEP) publications between 1979 and 2013. A systematic coding process was conducted on a total of 1377 manuscripts sampled from four long-standing SEP publications, namely Journal of Applied Sports Psychology, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, and The Sport Psychologist. Analyses compared the type of behavioural or non-behavioural measures used, and the research design employed. Findings suggested that overall SEP has included more behavioural measures in comparison to other psychology domains, and there has been substantial sampling of sport and exercise behaviours using direct rather than indirect behavioural measures. Nevertheless, proportions of dependent behavioural measures in SEP were significantly less than non-behavioural measures. Questionnaires have remained a dominant non-behavioural measure over time, and higher proportions of SEP studies we...
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive and critical review of the research underpinned by the coaching efficacy model is presented, which provides support for the main tenets of the CE model, with researchers establishing links between CE and many of the antecedents and outcomes proposed in the model.
Abstract: Coaching efficacy (CE) represents the extent to which coaches believe they have the capacity to affect the learning and performance of their athletes, and the CE model details antecedents, dimensions and outcomes of CE. Based around the CE model, the present paper had two main aims. First, to present a comprehensive and critical review of the research underpinned by the CE model. Studies were categorised by whether they investigated antecedents, outcomes or athletes’ perceptions of their coach. Twenty-one published studies were identified for the review. Overall the review provides support for the main tenets of the CE model, with researchers establishing links between CE and many of the antecedents and outcomes proposed in the model. The second aim was to assimilate findings from the review, limitations in the CE model and relevant conceptual models to present a revised CE model. Whilst retaining the essence of the original model, the revised model also incorporates explicit processes linking coa...
TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic review of siblings in physical activity contexts was conducted to gauge current knowledge on this topic and provide a guide for future empirical endeavors, concluding that siblings are important developmental agents, yet understanding of their influence on physical activity settings is limited.
Abstract: Siblings are important developmental agents, yet understanding of their influence in physical activity settings is limited. Prior to developing sibling-focused research questions, a comprehensive summary of the diverse literature regarding siblings in the physical domain is needed. A systematic review of siblings in physical activity contexts was conducted to gauge current knowledge on this topic and provide a guide for future empirical endeavors. A comprehensive literature search of CINAHL, The Cochrane Library, PsychINFO, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science yielded 68 studies spanning 46 years (1970–2016). The results showed siblings to be actively and passively associated with physical activity levels and to be sources of both positive and negative experiences in sport. The sex composition of sibling dyads appears to moderate outcomes. Overall, the findings provide an outline of sibling-based subject areas, identify topics needing further attention, and showcase methods with potential to ad...
TL;DR: To extend understanding of the role of working-memory capacity in motor skill acquisition, researchers should seek to explore novel experimental paradigms that bear closer resemblance to everyday tasks.
Abstract: Interest in the role of working-memory capacity in everyday abilities has recently extended to the acquisition of motor skills. This review article examines the role of working-memory capacity in two areas of motor skill acquisition: (1) adapting and correcting movements in response to errors, and (2) sequencing movement patterns. Across a number of studies it was evident that individuals with low or underdeveloped working-memory capacity experienced diminished learning when the practice contexts placed high demands on working memory. Verbal working-memory capacity was associated with the ability to correct movement errors, while several studies revealed the importance of spatial abilities, including spatial working-memory capacity, when learning movement adaptations. Visuo-spatial working-memory capacity correlated with movement sequence learning, either explicitly or implicitly, but old age affected this relationship. Despite these correlations, however, our understanding of the relationship bet...
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the relationship between physical activity and well-being in individuals living with osteoporosis is presented, with the authors concluding that physical activity is associated with increased wellbeing across the bulk of existing studies.
Abstract: Whether physical activity is linked with improvements in well-being in individuals living with osteoporosis remains a source of debate within the literature. The purpose of this review is to synthesize relevant literature to more fully address the relationship between physical activity and well-being in individuals living with osteoporosis. Guided by study inclusion criteria, a total of 17 quantitative studies were coded for review. Considerable heterogeneity was found between studies when examining the well-being instrumentation and physical activity characteristics used by study authors. A central finding was that physical activity is associated with increased well-being across the bulk of existing studies retained for analysis, with benefits noted particularly for markers linked to physical functioning. This review further highlights how decisions made by researchers have implications for study conclusions and can render any synthesis of this literature a challenge. As such, recommendations for...