Showing papers in "Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse in 2017"
TL;DR: An innovative empirical method for distilling core elements of empirically validated family therapy models for ASU can serve as a template for rigorous distillation of other treatment approaches.
Abstract: This article describes several barriers to widespread dissemination of manualized family-based treatments for adolescent substance use (ASU) We then offer a highly promising solution for adopting and sustaining family therapy in usual care: distilling the core practice elements of empirically validated family therapy models for ASU We present a conceptual distillation of family therapy for ASU grounded in existing observational fidelity measures for three manualized models, a process that yielded four core elements: Family Engagement, Relational Reframing, Family Behavior Change, and Family Restructuring We then introduce an innovative empirical method for distilling core elements that can serve as a template for rigorous distillation of other treatment approaches Finally, we discuss how core elements can enhance family therapy services within the diverse workforce of usual care for ASU
33 citations
TL;DR: It is found that rural-urban differences in substance use depend largely upon grade level, with rural middle school students demonstrating higher rates of alcohol, smoking tobacco, and chewing tobacco use, and urban high schoolStudents demonstratingHigher rates of illicit drugs.
Abstract: The use of addictive substances by adolescents is a major public health concern; however, rural vs. urban variations are poorly understood. The purpose of the current study was to examine rural-urban differences in the prevalence of recent use of 11 substances in grades 6-12 in a statewide sample of students from the Georgia Student Health Survey II (n = 513,909). We found that rural-urban differences in substance use depend largely upon grade level, with rural middle school students demonstrating higher rates of alcohol, smoking tobacco, and chewing tobacco use, and urban high school students demonstrating higher rates of illicit drugs.
27 citations
TL;DR: Gender-specific patterns and transitions of adolescent substance use and delinquency in a sample of youths at ages 12, 15, and 18 are explored and gender differences in behavior can inform services.
Abstract: This study explores gender-specific patterns and transitions of adolescent substance use and delinquency in a sample of youths at ages 12, 15, and 18 (N = 803). Latent transition analysis identified “Primary Delinquent,” “Delinquency and Substance Use,” and “Low Risk” classes. Females were less likely to be in the “Primary Delinquent” class at age 12 than males. From 15 to 18, females were approximately equally likely to transition from “Primary Delinquent” to both other classes, whereas males were more likely to transition from “Primary Delinquent” to “Delinquency and Substance Use.” These gender differences in behavior can inform services.
24 citations
TL;DR: Experiences of perceived racial discrimination high in intensity were associated with further increased risk of prescription drug misuse and other illicit drug use, and race/ethnicity did not moderate the relationship between perceivedracial discrimination and substance use.
Abstract: We examined frequency and intensity of racial/ethnic discrimination and the longitudinal relationship to substance use. The sample included (N = 1,421) American Indian, American Indian and White, and White adolescents. A high frequency of perceived racial discrimination was associated with an increased risk for heavy alcohol use, prescription drug misuse, and other illicit drug use. Experiences of perceived racial discrimination high in intensity were associated with further increased risk of prescription drug misuse and other illicit drug use. Race/ethnicity did not moderate the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and substance use. Interventions targeting the deleterious effects of racial discrimination may need to be designed to account for both the environment and the individual.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined multiple variables simultaneously to determine which stand out as most robust to explain drinking behavior among student-athletes, and found that binge-drinking athletes had a unique profile based on descriptive and injunctive norms and alcohol outcome expectancies compared to non-binge drinking athletes.
Abstract: Researchers have identified college student-athletes as a subgroup at risk for heavy drinking and associated consequences. Yet, few studies have examined multiple variables simultaneously to determine which stand out as most robust to explain drinking behavior among student-athletes. Student-athletes from 54 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) member institutions (N = 2,659) completed an online questionnaire as part of an online alcohol education program. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated a unique profile based on descriptive and injunctive norms and alcohol outcome expectancies among binge-drinking student-athletes compared to non-binge-drinking athletes. Gender differences also emerged within the sample. Implications for campus mental health, university, and athletic personnel are discussed.
15 citations
TL;DR: Hashish, opioids, and amphetamine-type stimulants were the most common types of substances being used and the calculated estimated prevalence rates were higher than those based on self-reports.
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of illicit substance use among students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) in four repeated surveys from 2006 to 2009. All first- to fourth-year students of the university were included. The questionnaire was anonymous and self-administered and inquired directly about own personal use. We also inquired about use of substances in close friends present in the class to provide another estimated prevalence. Using self-report, the prevalence of “past-year use of any illicit substance” was 2.3% in 2006, 3.3% in 2007, 2.8% in 2008, and 1.1% in 2009. It did not show a significant linear trend, but showed a significant decline for the year 2009. Hashish, opioids, and amphetamine-type stimulants were the most common types of substances being used. The calculated estimated prevalence rates were higher than those based on self-reports. The results suggest the need for continuous monitoring and appropriate preventive planning.
15 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the four-class drinking motives model within the context of peer and family influence on American Indian (AI) adolescent alcohol use, specifically binge behavior, and found that family influence is as important as peer.
Abstract: We explore the four-class drinking motives model within the context of peer and family influence on American Indian (AI) adolescent alcohol use, specifically binge behavior. A qualitative cross-sectional case-control study design was utilized; in-depth interviews were collected with 38 AI adolescents from one tribal community. Results suggest a three-class model more accurately captures drinking motives among cases and that family influence is as important as peer. Cases weren't connected to school whereas controls were strongly attached, and engaged in extracurricular programs. Adolescents illuminated culturally relevant prevention strategies that are family based, teach coping skills, and promote school bonding and structured community-based activity.
15 citations
TL;DR: Overall, results have been favorable for M ST-SA, and efforts to transport MST-SA are underway with more than 30 transportability pilots of Mst-SA in the United States, England, and Denmark.
Abstract: Multisystemic Therapy (MST; Henggeler, Schoenwald, Borduin, Rowland, & Cunningham, 2009) is an evidence-based treatment that has been shown to be effective with adolescents with conduct-related problems. This article describes the development and transportability process related to an adaptation of MST titled Multisystemic Therapy-Substance Abuse (MST-SA). MST-SA is designed to treat adolescents with substance use disorders and is based on the work of Budney and Higgins (1998) and Azrin and colleagues (2001). Budney and Higgins have developed an effective treatment for adult cocaine abusers titled Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA). CRA is a form of contingency management (an evidence-based treatment for substance use disorder), which consists of frequent drug testing, an extensive reward system, functional analyses of triggers for drug use, plans to address triggers for drug use, and drug refusal skill training. Azrin and colleagues (2001) have developed an effective treatment for adolescents...
14 citations
TL;DR: Youths with low self-esteem were at increased odds for recent binge drinking among male and female students, White students, and students in grades 7 and 8 and grades 11 and 12.
Abstract: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of self-esteem on recent alcohol use (past 30 days) and recent binge drinking (five or more alcoholic beverages on one occasion) among youths. This study performed a secondary data analysis of the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent to Adult Health. All youth participants were in grades 7 through 12. Overall, recent alcohol use and recent binge drinking increased by grade level. Youths with low self-esteem were at increased odds for recent binge drinking among male and female students, White students, and students in grades 7 and 8 and grades 11 and 12.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the association between body image and adolescent substance use is underexplored despite the established relationship between body images and risky behaviors, and the authors utilized data from th...
Abstract: The association between body image and adolescent substance use is underexplored despite the established relationship between body image and risky behaviors. The current study utilized data from th...
14 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that goal setting, or the combination of motivation preceding goal setting in a double mediation model, predicted lower cannabis use in treated adolescents.
Abstract: Studies have shown that motivation to change is related to better substance use outcomes among treatment-seeking adolescents Goal setting, which may be related to motivation, also has been shown to be associated with positive treatment outcomes However, relationships between motivation and goal setting as mediators of change in cannabis use over time among treated youths have not been investigated This study tested direct and indirect associations of motivation and goal setting with cannabis use frequency over 12-month follow-up among treated adolescents A longitudinal study of 163 adolescents enrolled in intensive outpatient substance use treatment (mean age = 1669, 34% female, 87% Caucasian) provided repeated assessment of motivation, goal setting, and cannabis use Path analysis tested direct and indirect effects of motivation and goal setting on cannabis use A comparison of two path models that tested motivation and goal setting independently showed that goal setting had better model fit
TL;DR: There is a need to create awareness among Buffalo Flats students about policies and regulations related to substance use, dangers of substances, and prevention of substance abuse.
Abstract: South Africa has a high rate of substance abuse among youths both in and out of school with East London in the Eastern Cape Province experiencing an increase in young people ages 20 years and below seeking treatment for substance abuse. The purpose of the study was to explore the knowledge of high school learners (grades 10 to 12) regarding substance use within their school premises. The objectives of the study were to assess knowledge of substance use within school premises among Buffalo Flats high school learners; assess the knowledge of learners regarding policies, rules, and regulations for preventing substance use within school premises; and determine learners' views regarding measures that should be taken to prevent substance use within school premises. A descriptive study design was used and a total of 146 learners participated by completing a self-administered questionnaire. The results revealed that learners were aware of substance use and users within their school premises. Alcohol, toba...
TL;DR: Adolescents who reported that their parents consumed alcohol were more likely to do likewise and policies and subsequent interventions to address health risk behaviors should not be limited to school setting.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between family dynamics and student engagement in consumption of alcohol, smoking of cigarettes, and use of illicit drugs in Ghana, West Africa Adolescents who reported that their parents consumed alcohol were more likely to do likewise Parental consumption of alcohol increased the adolescent probability of doing the same irrespective of the gender Adolescence is a formative period during which health risk behaviors may be learned and solidified Policies and subsequent interventions to address health risk behaviors should not be limited to school setting Parental engagement and monitoring outside of school significantly mediates the extent to which students engage in health risk behaviors
TL;DR: The majority of adolescents with psychiatric disorders report alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors, and risk reduction interventions targeting these two behaviors are needed.
Abstract: Adolescents with psychiatric disorders appear to be at increased risk for acquiring HIV and other sexually transmitted infections; however, little is known about the prevalence of behavioral risk factors in this population. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors among adolescents with psychiatric disorders. Electronic database searches identified studies sampling adolescents diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and assessing both alcohol and sexual risk behaviors. Fourteen studies sampling 3,029 adolescents with psychiatric disorders were included. The majority of adolescents with psychiatric disorders report alcohol use and sexual risk behaviors. Risk reduction interventions targeting these two behaviors are needed.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of parental knowledge, parental support, and family conflict through the affiliation with deviant peers on youth substance use (i.e., alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit substances), as well as unhealthy and antisocial behavior derived from substance consumption were analyzed.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of parental knowledge, parental support, and family conflict through the affiliation with deviant peers on youth substance use (i.e., alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit substances), as well as unhealthy and antisocial behavior derived from substance consumption. A Spanish community sample was used and gender differences were taken into account. The sample was composed of 584 secondary school students ages 14 to 20, 46.9% of whom were male. The results of structural equation modeling indicate that the affiliation with deviant peers was the factor most directly related to the dependent variables. The results also indicate that family factors influence the dependent variables indirectly and significantly through the mediation of a deviant peer group. Finally, some gender differences were found. Conclusively, substance use prevention programs should be based on managing peer exposure and carried out under a gender-sensitive approach.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study aimed to determine the experiences and opinions of peer educators in providing education on various health issues like smoking, alcohol, and other substance use in peer educators.
Abstract: Peer educators (PEs) have a significant role in providing education on various health issues like smoking, alcohol, and other substance use. This study aimed to determine the experiences and opinio...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined prevalence of and factors associated with substance use 10 to 11 years post-9/11 among adolescents in the World Trade Center Health Registry, and found that adolescents who witnessed a disturbing event on 9/11 were twice as likely to report ever drinking and almost three times as likely as using marijuana.
Abstract: We examined prevalence of and factors associated with substance use 10 to 11 years post-9/11 among adolescents in the World Trade Center Health Registry. Logistic regression analyses showed that adolescents who witnessed a disturbing event on 9/11 were twice as likely to report ever drinking and almost three times as likely to have ever used marijuana. Among those ≥5 years of age on 9/11, fear for personal safety on 9/11 was significantly associated with having ever smoked cigarettes, ever drank, and ever used marijuana. Intervention and education for adolescents particularly focused on substance use and coping strategies may be warranted after large-scale disasters.
TL;DR: Parents' involvement in preventing adolescents' use of alcohol can be described in three different forms: parental monitoring, family rules, and parent-child communication.
Abstract: Background: Parents play a crucial role in preventing adolescents' use of alcohol. However, previous knowledge about parental involvement in adolescent drinking is fragmented. Aim: To describe parental involvement in preventing adolescents' use of alcohol in previous studies. Method: An integrative review was conducted in the CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases. Results: Parental involvement in preventing adolescents' use of alcohol can be described in three different forms: parental monitoring, family rules, and parent-child communication. Conclusions: Parental involvement decreased adolescents' use of alcohol, but more research focused on different families is needed.
TL;DR: Preliminary associations, by gender, among psychiatric symptoms, history of sexual abuse, substance use, and HIV/STI sexual risk behavior among a pilot sample of court-involved, non-inc incarcerated (CINI) youths were explored and indicate important gender differences.
Abstract: Given the continued increases in proportion of young girls entering the juvenile justice system, identifying factors to incorporate into gender-responsive programming for these youths is of paramou
TL;DR: In efficacy analyses adjusting for baseline condom use, at three-month follow-up participants in the YWC were significantly less likely to report sex without a condom at last sex relative to control, underscoring the challenges for intervening with substance-using female youths.
Abstract: HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk-reduction interventions are needed to address the complex risk behaviors among African-American female adolescents in disadvantaged communities in North Carolina. In a two-group randomized trial, we reached 237 sexually active, substance-using African-American female adolescents, to test a risk-reduction intervention, the Young Women's CoOp (YWC), relative to a nutrition control. In efficacy analyses adjusting for baseline condom use, at three-month follow-up participants in the YWC were significantly less likely to report sex without a condom at last sex relative to control. There were mixed findings for within-group differences over follow-up, underscoring the challenges for intervening with substance-using female youths.
TL;DR: Integrating smoking cessation approaches into existing mental health and substance use treatments may be more palatable to adolescents and emerging adults than stand-alone smoking cessation programs.
Abstract: Mental health symptoms and substance use disorders are clear risk factors for cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence among young people, yet research on cigarette smoking among youths with concurrent mental health and substance use disorders (“dual diagnosis”) is considerably lacking. We examined smoking history and perspectives regarding smoking, cessation, and mental health and substance use in 97 adolescents and emerging adults (ages 14 to 24) referred to a program for youths with concurrent mental health and substance use disorders in Canada. Results show high rates of cigarette smoking, and modest interest in quitting but little interest in attending formalized programs to assist with cessation. Many participants reported smoking more when mental health was worse; most reported that they frequently smoke cigarettes and use drugs or alcohol concurrently. Current smokers perceived more benefits from cigarette smoking in regulating emotions and ameliorating their mental health symptoms than f...
TL;DR: Results indicated support for the longitudinal model, with female truants having higher depression scores, and showing stronger relationships between baseline depression and future engagement in sexual risk behavior, than male truants.
Abstract: Truant youths are likely to engage in a number of problem behaviors, including sexual risky behaviors. Previous research involving non-truant youths has found sexual risk behaviors to be related to marijuana use and depression, with differential effects for male and female youths. Using data collected in a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded, prospective intervention project, results are reported of a male-female, multi-group, longitudinal analysis of the relationships among truant youth baseline sexual risk behavior, marijuana use, and depression, and their sexual risk behavior over four follow-up time points. Results indicated support for the longitudinal model, with female truants having higher depression scores, and showing stronger relationships between baseline depression and future engagement in sexual risk behavior, than male truants. Findings suggest that incorporating strategies to reduce depression and marijuana use may decrease youth sexual risk behavior.
TL;DR: The authors explored how violent and nonviolent delinquent behaviors relate to adolescent drug abuse and found that adolescents are vulnerable to the development of problem behaviors during the early stages of their adolescent life, and that violent and non-delinquent behaviors are correlated with drug abuse.
Abstract: Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the development of problem behaviors. Few studies have explored how violent and nonviolent delinquent behaviors relate to adolescent drug abuse. The present s...
TL;DR: Findings provide evidence that flavored electronic cigarettes are more appealing to all; adolescents, smokers, non-smokers, current and past electronic cigarette users, and never users.
Abstract: Purpose: To investigate factors that lead to willingness to try electronic cigarettes among UK adolescents. Methods: A sample of 16- to 19-year-old pupils (N = 256) completed a questionnaire. Results: Smoking status significantly predicted more than one-third of the variance of willingness to try an electronic cigarette and a further 7.8% was significantly predicted by a positive prototype of a smoker (e.g., stylish) and a negative prototype of an electronic cigarette user (e.g., unattractive). Moreover, tobacco-flavored electronic cigarettes were less favorable than alternative flavors such as fruit, chocolate, and mint. Conclusions: Findings provide evidence that flavored electronic cigarettes are more appealing to all; adolescents, smokers, non-smokers, current and past electronic cigarette users, and never users.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show the effectiveness of emotional intelligence group training on anger in adolescents with substance-abusing fathers, which is associated with impaired skills and ability to take care of children.
Abstract: Parental substance abuse is associated with impaired skills and ability to take care of children. Children of substance-abusing parents display higher levels of emotional difficulties. This article shows the effectiveness of emotional intelligence group training on anger in adolescents with substance-abusing fathers. The sample consisted of 60 high school boys with substance-abusing fathers, selected from referrals to public academic counseling centers in the city of Bojnurd in northeastern Iran. Next, the individuals were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received eight weekly one-and-a-half-hour emotional intelligence group training sessions in a school setting. The two groups were compared before and after the intervention using the Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. In the experimental group, mean score of state anger decreased from 29.8 ± 4.2 to 15.6 ± 0.8 in pretest to posttest. Results of RMANOVA showed that training was effecti...
TL;DR: The results indicate that families not only expose children younger than 18 years to using the hookah in the family, but children also experience the use of thehookah.
Abstract: Research indicates that smoking a hookah has health and addiction risks. In substance abuse research the family is often a protective factor in reducing youth substance use. However, this may not be the case for smoking a hookah. The aim of the current study was to examine the use of the hookah in the family. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of 837 South African adult participants, 51.7% males and 48.3% females. The mean age of participants was 35.29 (SD = 15.11) years. The results indicate that families not only expose children younger than 18 years to using the hookah in the family, but children also experience the use of the hookah. Participants also indicated that other substances were used in the hookah. The findings of this study have implications for policy and intervention programs.
TL;DR: Neurodevelopmental and clinical considerations for treating adolescents with co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adolescent substance use (ASU) in outpatient settings and evidence-based options for targeting ADHD-related problems during ASU treatment are presented.
Abstract: This article introduces neurodevelopmental and clinical considerations for treating adolescents with co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adolescent substance use (ASU) in outpatient settings. We first describe neurobiological impairments common to ADHD and ASU, including comorbidity with conduct disorder, that evoke a profile of multiplicative developmental risk. We then present two evidence-based options for targeting ADHD-related problems during ASU treatment. Medication integration interventions utilize family ADHD psychoeducation to prompt decision making about ADHD medication and integrate medication management into behavioral services. Clinic-based academic training interventions utilize family interventions to improve the home academic environment and boost organization skills. We conclude with recommendations for ADHD assessment and intervention sequencing.
TL;DR: Differences across racial groups suggested that a lack of future orientation may be a salient risk factor for African-American and Hispanic youths' alcohol use, and peer alcohol use may beA salient risk factors for White youths'alcohol use.
Abstract: This study examined racial differences across African American, Hispanic, and White participants in the impact that individualand social risk factorshave on drinking behaviortrajectories.Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health was usedfrom 7-9th graders (N = 4,372).Participants reported on frequency of drinking across the four waves and risk factors at wave 1. Growth mixture modeling revealed four trajectories for alcohol use that includedAbstainers, Early Starters, Late Starters, and De-Escalators. Social and individual indicators of risk were differently predictive of group membership to the problematic drinking trajectories. Differences across racial groups suggested that a lack of future orientation may be a salient risk factor for African Americanand Hispanicyouth's alcohol use, and peer alcohol use may be a salient risk factor for White youth's alcohol use. The findings of this study suggest that there may be individual differences in risk factors that provide insight for prevention efforts.
TL;DR: The authors examined whether poor social problem solving is a risk factor for adolescent alcohol use above and beyond the other well-established risk factors and examined whether social problem-solving is a moderator between behavior under control and alcohol use in adolescents.
Abstract: Social problem solving has been associated with alcohol use in adolescents, but has not been examined within the context of well-established risk factors, such as childhood conduct problems, parental history of alcohol use, association with deviant peers, and behavior undercontrol. This study surveyed 120, 18-year-old first-year college students to examine whether poor social problem solving is a risk factor for adolescent alcohol use above and beyond the other well-established risk factors and to examine whether social problem solving is a moderator between behavior undercontrol and alcohol use in adolescents. Hierarchical multiple regressions found that social problem solving was not a significant risk factor above and beyond well-established risk factors for adolescent alcohol use. Furthermore, social problem solving was not a significant moderator between behavior undercontrol and adolescent alcohol use. The results also indicated that association with deviant peers and family income accounted...
TL;DR: In this paper, the National Survey of Parents and Youth was used to examine music-related media as a risk factor and parental monitoring as a protective factor for alcohol and tobacco use.
Abstract: Media exposure is a risk factor and parental monitoring is a protective factor against adolescent alcohol and tobacco use. Music-related media, however, are underexplored. The National Survey of Parents and Youth was utilized to examine music-related media as a risk factor and parental monitoring as a protective factor for alcohol and cigarette use. Multilevel modeling demonstrated that music exposure was related to higher levels and parental monitoring was related to lower levels of substance use. Parental monitoring attenuated the effect of radio exposure on alcohol and cigarette use. Further investigation of music, parental monitoring, and adolescent substance use is needed.