Showing papers in "Regulatory Peptides in 2003"

TL;DR: It is concluded that during normal physiological plasma glucose levels, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide contribute nearly equally to the incretin effect in humans, because their differences in concentration and potency outweigh each other.

TL;DR: The results provide a morphological basis to suggest simultaneous, rather than sequential, secretion of these hormones by postprandial luminal stimulation.

TL;DR: The decrease of ghrelin levels after fat ingestion shows a different time pattern compared to carbohydrate, while protein ingestion stimulated gh Relin levels, suggesting that different and as yet unknown mechanisms contribute to the regulation of postprandial ghrelIn release in man depending on the ingested macronutrients.

TL;DR: It is proposed that reciprocal circadian and ultradian rhythmicities in the afferent humoral signals, anorexigenic leptin from adipocytes and orexigenic ghrelin from stomach, encode a corresponding discharge pattern in the appetite-stimulating neuropeptide Y network in the hypothalamus.

TL;DR: The collective findings brought together over the last years place AM as a major regulator of carcinogenesis-tumor progression and identifies its autocrine loop as a putative target for developing new strategies against human cancers.

TL;DR: The results show for the first time a functional melanocortin system in fishes that participates in central regulation of food intake and the conserved central expression pattern of POMC mRNA and role of MSH peptides in physiological regulation ofFood intake suggests that melanoc Cortin functions were gained early in vertebrate evolution.

TL;DR: Data would indicate that centrally derived gh Relin has a major role in the control of food intake in rats and, in this context, blood-born ghrelin would be effective only in relation to its ability to reach the ARC, which is devoid of blood-brain barrier.

TL;DR: The results suggest that ghrelin has cardiovascular effects and regulates energy metabolism through GH-dependent and -independent mechanisms and may be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of severe chronic heart failure (CHF).

TL;DR: The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of IV administered GLP-2 on gastric emptying and feelings of hunger in human volunteers and found that it does not seem to mediate the ileal brake mechanism.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that both leptin and ghrelin are secreted from the peripheral tissue and reach the brain to modulate sympathetic activity, and these two peptides seem to play important roles to transmit peripheral metabolic information to the brain, and to convert it to cardiovascular and sympathetic information.

TL;DR: Elevation of plasma AM due to overproduction in response to one or more of these stimuli in pathological conditions may explain the raised plasma AM levels present in cardiovascular and renal diseases such as congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, hypertension, chronic renal failure, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and septic shock.

TL;DR: The results indicate that AM and AMBP-1 in combination effectively suppress LPS-induced TNF-alpha expression and release especially from primary cultured Kupffer cells, suggesting that the downregulatory effect of AM/AM BP-1 on proinflammatory cytokine T NF-alpha may represent a mechanism responsible for their beneficial effects in preventing inflammatory responses and tissue damage in sepsis.

TL;DR: It is proposed that catestatin activates histamine release from rat mast cells by a mechanism analogous to that already established for mastoparan and other amphiphilic cationic neuropeptides (the peptidergic pathway) and distinct from the mechanism of inhibition of catecholamines release from chromaffin cells.

TL;DR: It is concluded that CCK and PYY are released by fat in either the proximal or distal one-half of the small intestine.

TL;DR: Findings indicate satisfactory adaptation of rainbow trout to diets with a relatively high vegetable starch content, especially when provided as extruded peas, and indicate that diets with increased levels of carbohydrates can be used in this species even when it is reared at low temperature.

TL;DR: The data suggest that IAPP has complex effects on islet hormone secretion serving as an inhibitor of glucagon release and having a dual action on insulin secretion exerting mainly a negative feedback on stimulated and a positive feedback on basal insulin release.

TL;DR: Exendin-4, a 39-amino acid (AA) peptide, is a long-acting agonist at the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, and possesses a nine-AA C-terminal sequence absent from GLp-1.

TL;DR: Results suggest that octopressin may be a multifunctional neuropeptide contributing to reproduction, cardiac circulation, and feeding, and cephalotocin may play important roles in metabolism, homeostasis, etc., as a neurohormone.

TL;DR: It is postulated that oxytocin has a dual mechanism of action in dependence of the physiological state under basal, stress-free conditions, and the high brain levels after central oxytocIn infusion may reflect a condition of stress accompanied by behavioural arousal and, possibly via an excitatory action on the CRH system, increase vigilance.

TL;DR: The results indicate that physiological concentrations of the neuropeptides studied can modulate the inflammatory and immunological response, stimulating significantly the production of inflammatory cytokines by human whole blood cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients, as well as, in a minor way, in osteoarthritis patients.

TL;DR: Data indicate that functionally active neurokinin-1 receptors can be expressed by human natural killer cells, thus providing a further link between "innate immunity" and neurogenic inflammatory processes like asthma bronchiale and Substance P might be a novel link between neural structures and innate immunity.

TL;DR: A wide variety of substances (neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuropeptides) that can act within the hypothalamus to modify the neuroendocrine regulation of PRL secretion are found.

TL;DR: MCR4 activation is both necessary and sufficient for the control of dietary fat intake by melanocortin signals and may provide a pharmacological means to control the consumption of fatty foods.

TL;DR: Results clearly demonstrate that ghrelin-producing cells exist in the chicken gastrointestinal tract, especially in the proventriculus, from hatching to adult stages of development, as well as in mammals.

TL;DR: The results have shown that synthetic allatostatins inhibit hindgut motility and activate midgut alpha-amylase secretion and inhibit food consumption, which might be connected to the above activities.

TL;DR: The present findings clearly demonstrated the expression, localization and potential role of local RAS components with particular emphasis on the AT(1) receptors in hepatic Kupffer cells.

TL;DR: The cloning and characterization of a cDNA clone isolated after screening of three cDNA libraries with an NK-1-specific probe was designated hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 type (HGFIN), and it was predicted that HGFIN is transmembrane with the carboxyl terminal extracellular.

TL;DR: It is concluded that in stroke, Ang II and AT2R are activated and may contribute neural effects to brain ischemia and the expression of Ang II type 1 receptor, AT1R and Ang II levels in the brain 24 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion is examined.

TL;DR: The results indicate that the positive energy balance that occurred during pregnancy can hardly be explained by changes in Ob-Rb despite hyperleptinemia associated with pregnancy, and enhanced expression of AgRP suggests the involvement of this neuropeptide in mediating pregnancy-associated hyperphagia.

TL;DR: The collective findings suggest that AM represents a new category of antimicrobial peptide, which contributes to the mucosal host defence system.