Showing papers in "Trends in Biochemical Sciences in 1981"

TL;DR: Sequence work shows that at least two of the cecropins originate from a gene duplication, which is a main part of the immune system of the Cecropia moth and several other insects.

TL;DR: Most mitochondrial polypeptides are synthesized outside the organelle as precursors which are usually larger than the ‘mature’ polypePTides found within mitochondria, and are imported into the mitochondria by a process which is independent of protein synthesis but dependent on high-energy phosphate bonds inside the turbines.

TL;DR: Inhibitors of protein glycosylation are valuable tools for various biochemical and physiological studies on the role of glycoproteins and the tunicamycin group of antibiotics have been widely used in this regard.

TL;DR: The need to protect nitrogenase from inactivation by oxygen becomes particularly important in the cyanobacteria, which evolve oxygen photosynthetically.

TL;DR: The reactions of the γ-glutamyl cycle account for the synthesis of glutathione and much of its utilization, which involves membrane transport of glutathonione and γ -glut amyl amino acids, and inter-organ translocation of glutATHione.

TL;DR: The production of large amounts of glycerol and s-carotene by Dunaliella has made it a model organism to study the biological utilization of solar energy in the production of chemicals of industrial interest.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the electron transfer in a protein-dense mitochondrial inner membrane and showed that the membrane proteins are not structurally ordered or densely packed in the membrane plane, and that the sequence and rate of electron transfer are mediated through random lateral diffusion and energetically favorable collisions between the electron transferring components.

TL;DR: Thioredoxin is a ubiquitous, small protein with a catalytically active cystine S-S bridge located in a unique protrusion of its three-dimensional structure that has been implicated in functions such as enzymatic deoxyribonucleotide formation, insulin degradation and regulation of enzyme activity by ‘thiol-redox control'.

TL;DR: To understand why these 3-D images appear so lifelike, it is necessary to explain the freezing, freeze-drying, and replication steps in more detail.

TL;DR: Fundamental questions regarding the structure of the genetic code and origin of proteinous amino acids can be resolved through an understanding of the process by which the code evolved to accommodate increased variety of encoded amino acids.

TL;DR: Studies with monoclonal antibodies specific for defined carbohydrate sequences have shown that some of the changing antigenicities in the glycoproteins and glycolipids of cells, during successive developmental stages, may be brought about by sequential addition or deletion of monosaccharide residues.

TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that polyamines are naturally occurring polyvalent cations which affect the rate of macromolecular synthesis by influencing the conformation of nucleic acids.

TL;DR: In addition to the well-known NAD(P)-dependent and fluvoprotein dehydrogenases there is another class, the so-called quinoproteins, in which pyrrolo-quinoline quinone (PQQ) is involved as the coenzyme as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: Retinal rod outer segments contain a light-activated cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase that triggers the exchange of GTP for GDP in hundreds of molecules of transducin, the amplified signal carrier in this activation process.

TL;DR: Information on the structure of protein crystals and the activity of crystalline enzymes may be used to help understand theructure of the mitochondrial matrix and theActivity of the proteins therein.

TL;DR: Although the RNA appears to be situated in a functionally important part of the 50S subunit, and may play a dynamic role, it cannot yet be assigned any particular function.

TL;DR: Mold glucoamylase which has a high debranching activity and is active in raw starch digestion, may be used successfully for the production of industrial alcohol from starch, without steaming, in order to save energy.

TL;DR: TRNA genes separate from each other nearly all the mitochondrial DNA segments coding for the individual rRNAs and poly(A)-containing RNAs, thus, providing the punctuation in the reading of mitochondrial DNA information.

TL;DR: The major structural proteins of the lens, the crystallins, offer unusual advantages for studying a wide variety of age-related structural modifications to proteins.

TL;DR: The minimum subunit structure deduced consists of two α and two β glycoprotein subunits, all disulfide-linked in a symmetrical receptor complex, which resembles the general design of immunoglobulin G molecules.

TL;DR: Pro-opiomelanocortin contains the sequences of ACTH, -endorphin and melanocyte stimulating hormones and release of these hormones is also regulated differently in the two lobes of the pituitary.

TL;DR: By subverting and/or circumvernting normal pathways of endocytosis, liposomes bypass cell surface restrictions and introduce their contents into cells.

TL;DR: The aim of hydrophobic labelling of membranes is to identify those domains of membrane proteins embedded in the lipid core by using photoreactive reagents capable of reacting within the apolar and mostly inert lipid phase of membranes.

TL;DR: Ethylene is a natural regulator of plant growth and development and has been used, wittingly or unwittingly, as a fruit ripening agent for many years, its path of synthesis has recently been elucidated and there is now some understanding of how ethylene production is regulated.

TL;DR: The protein that catalyzes the transport of glucose across the membrane of the human erythrocyte has recently been purified and current studies are providing new information about its structure and function.

TL;DR: Competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase isolated from culture extracts of fungi are effective drugs for the therapy of hypercholesterolemia and have been used as a research tool for studying the regulation of the synthesis of cholesterol and its related metabolites.

TL;DR: The three-dimensional structure of a scorpion neurotoxin has been determined from high-resolution crystallographic data and it is likely that other scorpion toxins have this same overall structure, and that they bind to excitable membranes through sites on the conserved-hydrophobic surface of the molecule.

TL;DR: Comparison studies reveal that multiple eukaryotic RNA polymerases fall into several categories which may reflect their functional role in gene transcription.

TL;DR: Proteins are rapidly and specifically transferred from blood to bile by a system of endocytic vesicles which are protected against fusion to lysosomes, and appear to supply extrinsic membrane proteins to the bile canalicular face of the cell.