Journal ArticleDOI
A global measure of perceived stress.
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TLDR
The Perceived Stress Scale showed adequate reliability and, as predicted, was correlated with life-event scores, depressive and physical symptomatology, utilization of health services, social anxiety, and smoking-reduction maintenance and was a better predictor of the outcome in question than were life- event scores.Abstract:
This paper presents evidence from three samples, two of college students and one of participants in a community smoking-cessation program, for the reliability and validity of a 14-item instrument, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to measure the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. The PSS showed adequate reliability and, as predicted, was correlated with life-event scores, depressive and physical symptomatology, utilization of health services, social anxiety, and smoking-reduction maintenance. In all comparisons, the PSS was a better predictor of the outcome in question than were life-event scores. When compared to a depressive symptomatology scale, the PSS was found to measure a different and independently predictive construct. Additional data indicate adequate reliability and validity of a four-item version of the PSS for telephone interviews. The PSS is suggested for examining the role of nonspecific appraised stress in the etiology of disease and behavioral disorders and as an outcome measure of experienced levels of stress.read more
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Coping Humour, Stress, and Cognitive Appraisals
TL;DR: This paper investigated the relationship between sense of humour and cognitive appraisals and reappraisals of a potentially stressful event and found that high humour subjects' ratings of importance and positive challenge were positively related to performance on the exam, whereas for low humour subjects this relationship was negative.
Journal ArticleDOI
Examination of self-efficacy, social support, and stress as predictors of psychological and physical distress among Hispanic college students
V. Scott Solberg,Pete Viliarreal +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, social and cognitive factors were investigated to determine whether selfefficacy and social support moderate the relationship between stress, and physical and psychological distress among Hispanic c... and c...
Journal ArticleDOI
Familialism, Social Support, and Stress: Positive Implications for Pregnant Latinas
Belinda Campos,Christine Dunkel Schetter,Cleopatra M. Abdou,Calvin J. Hobel,Laura M. Glynn,Curt A. Sandman +5 more
TL;DR: The associations of familialism with social support and stress were significantly stronger among Latinas than European Americans, and higher social support was associated with higher infant birth weight among foreign-born Latinas only.
Journal ArticleDOI
The unique effects of forgiveness on health: an exploration of pathways.
Kathleen A. Lawler,Jarred Younger,Rachel L. Piferi,Rebecca L. Jobe,Kimberley A. Edmondson,Warren H. Jones +5 more
TL;DR: Four mechanisms or pathways by which forgiveness could lead to fewer physical symptoms were examined: spirituality, social skills, reduction in negative affect, and reduction in stress.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measurement of Acculturation, Scale Formats, and Language Competence Their Implications for Adjustment
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted to test whether the lack of independence between ethnic and mainstream cultural orientations is partially due to the adoption of a specific scale format, which was hypothesized that unique structural features commonly found in bidimensional acculturation instruments (paired questions that differ only in their cultural orientation and utilize the "frequency" format) cause strong inverse associations between the two cultures.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
TL;DR: The CES-D scale as discussed by the authors is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population, which has been used in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings.
Journal ArticleDOI
The stress process.
TL;DR: This study takes involuntary job disruptions as illustrating life events and shows how they adversely affect enduring role strains, economic strains in particular, which erode positive concepts of self, such as self-esteem and mastery.