Journal ArticleDOI
A global measure of perceived stress.
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TLDR
The Perceived Stress Scale showed adequate reliability and, as predicted, was correlated with life-event scores, depressive and physical symptomatology, utilization of health services, social anxiety, and smoking-reduction maintenance and was a better predictor of the outcome in question than were life- event scores.Abstract:
This paper presents evidence from three samples, two of college students and one of participants in a community smoking-cessation program, for the reliability and validity of a 14-item instrument, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to measure the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful. The PSS showed adequate reliability and, as predicted, was correlated with life-event scores, depressive and physical symptomatology, utilization of health services, social anxiety, and smoking-reduction maintenance. In all comparisons, the PSS was a better predictor of the outcome in question than were life-event scores. When compared to a depressive symptomatology scale, the PSS was found to measure a different and independently predictive construct. Additional data indicate adequate reliability and validity of a four-item version of the PSS for telephone interviews. The PSS is suggested for examining the role of nonspecific appraised stress in the etiology of disease and behavioral disorders and as an outcome measure of experienced levels of stress.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Improved Self-Control: The Benefits of a Regular Program of Academic Study
Megan J. Oaten,Ken Cheng +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a study intervention program, a form of repeated practice of self-control, was proposed to improve regulatory strength and dampen the debilitating effects of exam stress, which showed significant improvement in self-regulatory capacity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Targeted Temperature Management for 48 vs 24 Hours and Neurologic Outcome After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Hans Kirkegaard,Eldar Søreide,Inge de Haas,Ville Pettilä,Fabio Silvio Taccone,Urmet Arus,Christian Storm,Christian Hassager,Jørgen Feldbæk Nielsen,Christina Ankjær Sørensen,Susanne Ilkjær,Anni Nørgaard Jeppesen,Anders Morten Grejs,Christophe Henri Valdemar Duez,Jakob Hjort,Alf Inge Larsen,Valdo Toome,Marjaana Tiainen,Johanna Hästbacka,Timo Laitio,Markus B. Skrifvars +20 more
TL;DR: In unconscious survivors from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest admitted to the ICU, targeted temperature management at 33°C for 48 hours did not significantly improve 6-month neurologic outcome compared with targeted temperature Management at 33 °C for 24 hours, and further research may be warranted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of written emotional expression on immune function in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a randomized trial.
TL;DR: CD4+ lymphocyte counts increased after the intervention for participants in the emotional writing condition compared with control writing participants, suggesting that emotional writing may provide benefit for patients with HIV infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury.
TL;DR: People with spinal cord injury face multiple barriers to physical fitness in functional, psychological, and architectural domains, and identification of these barriers can facilitate the participation of individuals with spinal Cord injury in an exercise program, improving long-term health and wellness.
Journal ArticleDOI
Resilience: A Meta-Analytic Approach
TL;DR: This article investigated the relationship between psychological resilience and its relevant variables by using a meta-analytic method and found that the largest effect on resilience was found to stem from the protective factors, a medium effect from risk factors, and the smallest effect from demographic factors.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
TL;DR: The CES-D scale as discussed by the authors is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population, which has been used in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings.
Journal ArticleDOI
The stress process.
TL;DR: This study takes involuntary job disruptions as illustrating life events and shows how they adversely affect enduring role strains, economic strains in particular, which erode positive concepts of self, such as self-esteem and mastery.