Open Access
A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenzaviruses: a W.H.O. memorandum.
TLDR
This revised system of nomenclature which has been in use since 1971 should be used universally from the date of publication of this Memorandum.Abstract:
In February 1980, the World Health Organization convened a meeting to consider information relevant to the nomenclature of influenza viruses and to make definitive proposals for the revision of the system which has been in use since 1971. The WHO recommendations are based on data derived from double immunodiffusion reactions involving haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. The revised system of nomenclature is similar to the 1971 system in that it consists of two parts: (a) a type and strain designation, and (b) for influenza A viruses, a description of the antigenic specificity (subtype) of the surface antigens (H and N). The strain designation for influenza virus types A, B, and C contains information on the antigenic type of the virus (based on the antigenic specificity of the nucleoprotein), the host of origin (for strains isolated from non-human sources), geographical origin, strain number, and year of isolation. For influenza A viruses, the antigenic description, in parentheses, follows the strain designation and comprises two indices describing the antigenic subtype of the haemagglutinin and of the neuraminidase antigens. For the influenza A viruses from all species, the H antigens are grouped into 12 subtypes, H1-H12, while the N antigens are divided into 9 subtypes, N1-N9. Reference strains of influenza viruses are maintained by the WHO Collaborating Centres for Reference and Research on Influenza and the WHO Centres for the Study of Influenza Ecology in Animals, and are made available upon request.There is no provision for describing distinct subtypes of influenza B and C viruses. The existence of antigenic variation among influenza B strains is well established but the available information shows that a division into subtypes is not warranted.This revised system of nomenclature should be used universally from the date of publication of this Memorandum.read more
Citations
More filters
Dissertation
Desarrollo de modelos epidemiológicos para el análisis del riesgo de entrada de los virus de influenza aviar altamente patógena y la enfermedad de Newcastle en España
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of risk for Highly Pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease (ND) introduction into Spain with the aim of providing useful tools and results that may help to the prevention and potential control of these diseases in Spain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Orientações para o diagnóstico de influenza em suínos
Rejane Schaefer,Raquel R. Rech,Marcia Cristina da Silva,Danielle Gava,Janice R. Ciacci-Zanella +4 more
TL;DR: The adequate sample collection, the laboratory pro- cedures/techniques, the expected results and their interpretation for diagnosis of influen- za infection in swine, serving as a support for field veterinarians.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hintergrundpapier der STIKO: Evaluation der bestehenden Influenzaimpfempfehlung für Indikationsgruppen und für Senioren (Standardimpfung ab 60 Jahren)
Cornelius Remschmidt,Thomas Harder,Ole Wichmann,E Garbe,Thomas Ledig,Martin Terhardt,Sabine Wicker,Fred Zepp,Thomas Mertens +8 more
TL;DR: Durch Punktmutationen verursachte genetische Veränderungen werden als Antigendrift bezeichnet, wobei für Menschen nur die Influenza-Aund -B-Viren medizinisch relevant sind, dass Antikörper neuer pandemischer Influenzaviren führen können.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ligand based virtual screening for identifying potent inhibitors against viral neuraminidase: An in silico approach
TL;DR: The approach utilized in this study has been successful in identifying 15 compounds which may be potential inhibitors of neuraminidase and these compounds were screened via three screening platforms and only 12 were found to have comparatively better results.
Journal ArticleDOI
High Prevalence of Avian Influenza Virus Among Wild Waterbirds and Land Birds of Mexico
Claudia Cerda-Armijo,Mario Bermúdez de León,Mario Bermúdez de León,Irene Ruvalcaba-Ortega,Juan Chablé-Santos,Ricardo Canales-del-Castillo,Katia Peñuelas-Urquides,Lydia G. Rivera-Morales,Griselda E Menchaca-Rodríguez,Maria E. Camacho-Moll,Maria E. Camacho-Moll,Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero,Antonio Guzmán-Velasco,José I. González-Rojas +13 more
TL;DR: The prevalence of influenza A viruses in wild birds (waterbirds and land birds; resident and migratory) in eastern Mexico, where the three main North American migration flyways converge and where there was no previous information on this subject, was estimated.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-Headed Gulls
Ron A. M. Fouchier,Vincent J. Munster,Anders Wallensten,Theo M. Bestebroer,Sander Herfst,Derek J. Smith,Derek J. Smith,Gus F. Rimmelzwaan,Bjorn R. Olsen,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus +9 more
TL;DR: A previously unidentified antigenic subtype of HA (H16), detected in viruses circulating in black-headed gulls in Sweden, is described and proposed that sequence analyses of HA and NA genes of influenza A viruses be used for the rapid identification of existing and novel HA andNA subtypes.
Journal ArticleDOI
A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats
Suxiang Tong,Yan Li,Pierre Rivailler,Christina Conrardy,Danilo A. Alvarez Castillo,Li-Mei Chen,Sergio Recuenco,James A. Ellison,Charles T. Davis,Ian A. York,Amy S. Turmelle,David Moran,Shannon Rogers,Mang Shi,Ying Tao,Michael R. Weil,Kevin Tang,Lori A. Rowe,Scott Sammons,Xiyan Xu,Michael Frace,Kim A. Lindblade,Nancy J. Cox,Larry J. Anderson,Charles E. Rupprecht,Ruben O. Donis +25 more
TL;DR: Despite its divergence from known influenza A virus, the bat virus is compatible for genetic exchange with human influenza viruses in human cells, suggesting the potential capability for reassortment and contributions to new pandemic or panzootic influenza A viruses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Structure of influenza hemagglutinin in complex with an inhibitor of membrane fusion
Rupert J. Russell,Philip S. Kerry,D.J. Stevens,David A. Steinhauer,Stephen R. Martin,Steven J. Gamblin,John J. Skehel +6 more
TL;DR: The structure of HA in complex with a known inhibitor of membrane fusion and virus infectivity, tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), shows that the inhibitor binds in a hydrophobic pocket formed at an interface between HA monomers that stabilizes the neutral pH structure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bat-derived influenza-like viruses H17N10 and H18N11
TL;DR: Structural and functional studies of the two major surface envelope proteins demonstrate that neither has canonical HA or NA functions found in influenza viruses, but potential genomic reassortments of such influenza-like viruses with canonical influenza viruses cannot be excluded at this point and should be assessed.