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A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenzaviruses: a W.H.O. memorandum.
TLDR
This revised system of nomenclature which has been in use since 1971 should be used universally from the date of publication of this Memorandum.Abstract:
In February 1980, the World Health Organization convened a meeting to consider information relevant to the nomenclature of influenza viruses and to make definitive proposals for the revision of the system which has been in use since 1971. The WHO recommendations are based on data derived from double immunodiffusion reactions involving haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. The revised system of nomenclature is similar to the 1971 system in that it consists of two parts: (a) a type and strain designation, and (b) for influenza A viruses, a description of the antigenic specificity (subtype) of the surface antigens (H and N). The strain designation for influenza virus types A, B, and C contains information on the antigenic type of the virus (based on the antigenic specificity of the nucleoprotein), the host of origin (for strains isolated from non-human sources), geographical origin, strain number, and year of isolation. For influenza A viruses, the antigenic description, in parentheses, follows the strain designation and comprises two indices describing the antigenic subtype of the haemagglutinin and of the neuraminidase antigens. For the influenza A viruses from all species, the H antigens are grouped into 12 subtypes, H1-H12, while the N antigens are divided into 9 subtypes, N1-N9. Reference strains of influenza viruses are maintained by the WHO Collaborating Centres for Reference and Research on Influenza and the WHO Centres for the Study of Influenza Ecology in Animals, and are made available upon request.There is no provision for describing distinct subtypes of influenza B and C viruses. The existence of antigenic variation among influenza B strains is well established but the available information shows that a division into subtypes is not warranted.This revised system of nomenclature should be used universally from the date of publication of this Memorandum.read more
Citations
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Influenza pandemic periodicity, virus recycling, and the art of risk assessment.
TL;DR: Conditions that lead to influenza pandemics are not fully understood and need to be understood in order to be able to protect against future outbreaks.
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Chimeric Influenza A Viruses with a Functional Influenza B Virus Neuraminidase or Hemagglutinin
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Lessons From Influenza Pandemics of the Last 100 Years.
Arnold S. Monto,Keiji Fukuda +1 more
TL;DR: Past pandemics are reviewed, identifying measures that will be of value going forward and these will also help in controlling seasonal influenza.
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Modulation of Innate Immune Responses by the Influenza A NS1 and PA-X Proteins
TL;DR: In conclusion, inhibition of host gene expression by the influenza NS1 and/or PA-X proteins could be explored to develop improved live-attenuated influenza vaccines by modulating the ability of the virus to counteract antiviral host responses.
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Amino acid sequences of haemagglutinins of influenza viruses of the H3 subtype isolated from horses.
TL;DR: The amino acid sequence of the haemagglutinin of A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8), the prototype influenza virus of the H3 subtype from horses, is deduced from the nucleotide sequence of virus RNA.
References
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Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-Headed Gulls
Ron A. M. Fouchier,Vincent J. Munster,Anders Wallensten,Theo M. Bestebroer,Sander Herfst,Derek J. Smith,Derek J. Smith,Gus F. Rimmelzwaan,Bjorn R. Olsen,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus +9 more
TL;DR: A previously unidentified antigenic subtype of HA (H16), detected in viruses circulating in black-headed gulls in Sweden, is described and proposed that sequence analyses of HA and NA genes of influenza A viruses be used for the rapid identification of existing and novel HA andNA subtypes.
Journal ArticleDOI
A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats
Suxiang Tong,Yan Li,Pierre Rivailler,Christina Conrardy,Danilo A. Alvarez Castillo,Li-Mei Chen,Sergio Recuenco,James A. Ellison,Charles T. Davis,Ian A. York,Amy S. Turmelle,David Moran,Shannon Rogers,Mang Shi,Ying Tao,Michael R. Weil,Kevin Tang,Lori A. Rowe,Scott Sammons,Xiyan Xu,Michael Frace,Kim A. Lindblade,Nancy J. Cox,Larry J. Anderson,Charles E. Rupprecht,Ruben O. Donis +25 more
TL;DR: Despite its divergence from known influenza A virus, the bat virus is compatible for genetic exchange with human influenza viruses in human cells, suggesting the potential capability for reassortment and contributions to new pandemic or panzootic influenza A viruses.
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Structure of influenza hemagglutinin in complex with an inhibitor of membrane fusion
Rupert J. Russell,Philip S. Kerry,D.J. Stevens,David A. Steinhauer,Stephen R. Martin,Steven J. Gamblin,John J. Skehel +6 more
TL;DR: The structure of HA in complex with a known inhibitor of membrane fusion and virus infectivity, tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), shows that the inhibitor binds in a hydrophobic pocket formed at an interface between HA monomers that stabilizes the neutral pH structure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bat-derived influenza-like viruses H17N10 and H18N11
TL;DR: Structural and functional studies of the two major surface envelope proteins demonstrate that neither has canonical HA or NA functions found in influenza viruses, but potential genomic reassortments of such influenza-like viruses with canonical influenza viruses cannot be excluded at this point and should be assessed.