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A survey of socially interactive robots

Terrence Fong, +3 more
- 31 Mar 2003 - 
- Vol. 42, Iss: 3, pp 143-166
TLDR
The context for socially interactive robots is discussed, emphasizing the relationship to other research fields and the different forms of “social robots”, and a taxonomy of design methods and system components used to build socially interactive Robots is presented.
About: 
This article is published in Robotics and Autonomous Systems.The article was published on 2003-03-31 and is currently open access. It has received 2869 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Media Lab Europe's social robots & Human–robot interaction.

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References
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Book

The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

Charles Darwin
TL;DR: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Introduction to the First Edition and Discussion Index, by Phillip Prodger and Paul Ekman.
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Fundamentals of speech recognition

Lawrence R. Rabiner, +1 more
TL;DR: This book presents a meta-modelling framework for speech recognition that automates the very labor-intensive and therefore time-heavy and therefore expensive and expensive process of manually modeling speech.
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Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems

Eric Bonabeau, +2 more
TL;DR: This chapter discusses Ant Foraging Behavior, Combinatorial Optimization, and Routing in Communications Networks, and its application to Data Analysis and Graph Partitioning.
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The Cognitive Structure of Emotions

Andrew Ortony, +2 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a cognitive theory of emotion is proposed, which describes the organization of emotion types and the implications of the emotions-as-valenced-reactions claim, and the boundaries of the theory Emotion words and cross-cultural issues.
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The Intentional Stance

Daniel C. Dennett
TL;DR: The Intentional Stance as discussed by the authors is the first full-scale presentation of a theory of intentionality that has been developed for almost twenty years, and it can be seen as a pre-emptive strategy of interpretation that presupposes the rationality of the people or other entities we are hoping to understand and predict.
Frequently Asked Questions (12)
Q1. What contributions have the authors mentioned in the paper "A survey of socially interactive robots: concepts, design, and applications" ?

This report reviews “ socially interactive robots ”: robots for which social human-robot interaction is important. The authors begin by discussing the context for socially interactive robots, emphasizing the relationship to other research fields and the different forms of “ social robots ”. The authors then present a taxonomy of design methods and system components used to build socially interactive robots. Following this taxonomy, the authors survey the current state of the art, categorized by use and application area. Finally, the authors describe the impact of these these robots on humans and discuss open issues. An abbreviated version of this report, which does not contain the application survey, is available as [ T. Fong, I. Nourbakhsh, K. Dautenhahn, A survey of socially interactive robots, Robotics and Autonomous Systems 

Given that the authors expect social robots to play increasingly larger roles in daily life, there is a strong need for field studies to examine how people behave when robots are introduced into their activities. 

Others important advantages are:• Robots can provide a stimulating and motivating influence that make living conditions or particular treatments more pleasant and endurable, an effect that has particular potential for children or elderly people. 

The measures consist of: scales for rating anthropomorphic and mechanistic dimensions; measures of model richness or certainty; and measures of compliance with a robot’s requests. 

Following their ethic of task-based and contextbased design, Severinson-Eklundh et al. identified two critical communicative needs of a fetch-andcarry robot. 

The creation of compelling anthropomorphic robots is a massive engineering challenge; yet, in the case of both Sony and Honda it is clear that the single largest hurdle involved actuation. 

Through such empowerment, fear or shyness towards technology can be transformed dramatically into interest in exploring technology and even altering its course. 

Aoki et al. contend that studies of rat-like robots will lead to better understanding of human behavior, in the same manner that animal experimentation (especially on rats) does. 

They contend that directed instruction, whereby a human teaches a robot using a carefully engineered feedback and reward mechanism, is constraining and ultimately unable to scale. 

In part, the argument is that in order for a robot to interact with humans as humans do (through gaze, gesture, vocalization, etc.), it must be structurally and functionally similar to a human. 

There is reason to believe that if a robot had a compelling personality, people would be more willing to interact with it and to establish a relationship with it[27,116]. 

Although human-robot communication can occur in many different ways, the authors consider there to be three primary types of dialogue: low-level (pre-linguistic), non-verbal, and natural language.