Alphavirus-derived small RNAs modulate pathogenesis in disease vector mosquitoes
TLDR
It is suggested that an exogenous siRNA pathway is essential to the survival of mosquitoes infected with alphaviruses and, thus, the maintenance of these viruses in nature.Abstract:
Mosquito-borne viruses cause significant levels of morbidity and mortality in humans and domesticated animals. Maintenance of mosquito-borne viruses in nature requires a biological transmission cycle that involves alternating virus replication in a susceptible vertebrate and mosquito host. Although the vertebrate infection is acute and often associated with disease, continual transmission of these viruses in nature depends on the establishment of a persistent, nonpathogenic infection in the mosquito vector. An antiviral RNAi response has been shown to limit the replication of RNA viruses in flies. However, the importance of the RNAi pathway as an antiviral defense in mammals is unclear. Differences in the immune responses of mammals and mosquitoes may explain why these viruses are not generally associated with pathology in the invertebrate host. We identified virus-derived small interfering RNAs (viRNAs), 21 nt in length, in Aedes aegypti infected with the mosquito-borne virus, Sindbis (SINV). viRNAs had an asymmetric distribution that spanned the length of the SINV genome. To determine the role of viRNAs in controlling pathogenic potential, mosquitoes were infected with recombinant alphaviruses expressing suppressors of RNA silencing. Decreased survival was observed in mosquitoes in which the accumulation of viRNAs was suppressed. These results suggest that an exogenous siRNA pathway is essential to the survival of mosquitoes infected with alphaviruses and, thus, the maintenance of these viruses in nature.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
RNA-based antiviral immunity
TL;DR: Recent studies on the features of viral siRNAs and other virus-derived small RNAs from virus-infected fungi, plants, insects, nematodes and vertebrates are reviewed and the innate and adaptive properties of RNA-based antiviral immunity are discussed.
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Virus discovery by deep sequencing and assembly of virus-derived small silencing RNAs
TL;DR: This study provides a powerful culture-independent approach for virus discovery in invertebrates by assembling viral genomes directly from host immune response products without prior virus enrichment or amplification, and proposes that invertebrate viruses discovered by this approach may include previously undescribed human and vertebrate viral pathogens that are transmitted by arthropod vectors.
Journal ArticleDOI
The role of RNAi and microRNAs in animal virus replication and antiviral immunity.
TL;DR: The closely related microRNA (miRNA) and RNAi pathways have emerged as important regulators of virus-host cell interactions and will facilitate a better understanding of viral pathogenesis and the host innate immune response to viral infection.
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Production of virus-derived ping-pong-dependent piRNA-like small RNAs in the mosquito soma.
TL;DR: It is suggested that a non-canonical piRNA pathway is present in the soma of vector mosquitoes and may be acting redundantly to the siRNA pathway to target alphavirus replication.
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A virulent strain of deformed wing virus (DWV) of honeybees (Apis mellifera) prevails after Varroa destructor-mediated, or in vitro, transmission.
Eugene V. Ryabov,Graham R. Wood,Jessica M. Fannon,Jonathan D. Moore,James C. Bull,Dave Chandler,Andrew Mead,Nigel J. Burroughs,David J.A. Evans +8 more
TL;DR: Identification of a virulent variant of DWV, the role of Varroa in its transmission and the resulting host transcriptome changes furthers the authors' understanding of this important viral pathogen of honeybees.
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