Journal ArticleDOI
Brain tissue reaction to some chronically implanted metals
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The toxicity of certain metals was evaluated histologically following chronic implantation for 2 months in the brains of cats and all but silver were found to be nontoxic.Abstract:
✓ The toxicity of certain metals, namely, platinum, platinum-8% tungsten, platinum-10% rhodium, platinum-10% iridium, platinum-10% nickel, platinized platinum, a gold-nickel-chromium alloy, a gold-palladium-rhodium alloy, a chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy (Vitallium), stainless steel, silver, rhenium, and gold, was evaluated histologically following chronic implantation for 2 months in the brains of cats. Of the above metals, all but silver were found to be nontoxic. Boron was also evaluated and found to be nontoxic.read more
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Book ChapterDOI
The Electrochemistry of Charge Injection at the Electrode/Tissue Interface
TL;DR: The physical basis for electrical stimulation of excitable tissue is presented with emphasis on the fundamental mechanisms of charge injection at the electrode/tissue interface as discussed by the authors, and a model of the interface is given.
Journal ArticleDOI
Spectrum of clinical and histopathologic responses to intracranial electrodes: from multifocal aseptic meningitis to multifocal hypersensitivity-type meningovasculitis.
Christina L. Stephan,John J. Kepes,Karen SantaCruz,Steven B. Wilkinson,Barbara Fegley,Ivan Osorio +5 more
TL;DR: This work sought to characterize and compare the histopathologic and clinical changes elicited by subdural and depth electrodes in subjects undergoing epilepsy surgery evaluation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Scanning electron microscopy of chronically stimulated platinum intracochlear electrodes.
TL;DR: The present study has demonstrated an inhibitory effect in vivo of platinum dissolution due to the presence of proteins, and in vitro electrodes showed evidence of platinum corrosion at high charge density and aggregate charge injection.
Journal ArticleDOI
The use of tungsten as a chronically implanted material.
A Shah Idil,Nick Donaldson +1 more
TL;DR: The metal's unfavourable corrosion thermodynamics in the human physiological environment is outlined, the chemical pathways to either metallic or metal oxide dissolution, the rate-limiting steps, and the corrosion-accelerating effects of reactive oxidising species that the immune system produces post-implantation are outlined.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The production of brain lesions with electric currents. II. Bidirectional currents.
Journal ArticleDOI
Punctures of the brain: the factors concerned in gliosis and in cicatricial contraction
TL;DR: The investigation has thrown light on certain factors controlling gliosis and points to a fundamental principle involved in surgery of the brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Histopathological changes produced by implanted electrodes in cat brains; comparison with histopathological changes in human and experimental puncture wounds.
TL;DR: A review of the literature has failed to reveal a detailed chronological study of the finer microscopic changes in the central nervous system that take place consequent to implanted electrodes, and the neurophysiological literature contains a paucity of detailed histopathological examinations of sacrificed experimental animals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evaluation of permanent implantation of electrodes within the brain
TL;DR: Conclusions 6, 7, and 8 indicate that the presence of electrodes disturbs the brain activity very little, or at least, that the experimental conditions do not change during the period of observation.