Carnitine and acylcarnitines: pharmacokinetic, pharmacological and clinical aspects.
TLDR
Previous research associated with the homeostasis and pharmaco-kinetics of L-carnitine and its esters are examined, and potential areas of future research are highlighted, to adequately characterize metabolic status.Abstract:
L-Carnitine (levocarnitine) is a naturally occurring compound found in all mammalian species The most important biological function of L-carnitine is in the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria for subsequent β-oxidation, a process which results in the esterification of L-carnitine to form acylcarnitine derivatives As such, the endogenous carnitine pool is comprised of L-carnitine and various short-, medium-and long-chain acylcarnitinesread more
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Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: from bioenergetic failure and cell death to cardiomyopathy.
TL;DR: What is known about some of the potential mechanisms of DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity including mitochondrial oxidative damage and loss of cardiomyocytes are discussed and pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical approaches that may decrease DOX cardiac alterations in animal models and humans are presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Acylcarnitines--old actors auditioning for new roles in metabolic physiology.
TL;DR: A theoretical framework is provided for the potential consequences of tissue build-up of LCACs among individuals with metabolic disorders and a growing body of evidence has highlighted possible effects ofLCACs on disparate aspects of pathophysiology.
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Uremic solutes and risk of end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes: metabolomic study.
Monika A. Niewczas,Monika A. Niewczas,Tammy L. Sirich,Anna V. Mathew,Jan Skupien,Jan Skupien,Jan Skupien,Robert P. Mohney,James H. Warram,James H. Warram,Adam M. Smiles,Xiaoping Huang,Walker Walker,Jaeman Byun,Edward D. Karoly,Elizabeth Kensicki,Gerard T. Berry,Gerard T. Berry,Joseph V. Bonventre,Joseph V. Bonventre,Subramaniam Pennathur,Timothy W. Meyer,Andrzej S. Krolewski,Andrzej S. Krolewski +23 more
TL;DR: Normal plasma concentrations of putative uremic solutes and essential amino acids either contribute to progression to ESRD or are a manifestation of an early stage(s) of the disease process that leads to E SRD in T2D.
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L-carnitine supplementation as a potential antioxidant therapy for inherited neurometabolic disorders.
TL;DR: This review addresses recent findings obtained from patients with some inherited neurometabolic diseases showing that l-carnitine may be involved in the reduction of oxidative damage observed in these disorders.
References
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A Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related Metabolic Signature that Differentiates Obese and Lean Humans and Contributes to Insulin Resistance
Christopher B. Newgard,Jie An,James R. Bain,Michael J. Muehlbauer,Robert Stevens,Lillian F. Lien,Andrea M. Haqq,Svati H. Shah,Michelle Arlotto,Cris A. Slentz,James Rochon,Dianne Gallup,Olga Ilkayeva,Brett R. Wenner,William S. Yancy,Howard Eisenson,Gerald Musante,Richard S. Surwit,David S. Millington,Mark D. Butler,Laura P. Svetkey +20 more
TL;DR: Findings show that in the context of a dietary pattern that includes high fat consumption, BCAA contributes to development of obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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Mitochondrial Overload and Incomplete Fatty Acid Oxidation Contribute to Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance
Timothy R. Koves,John R. Ussher,Robert C. Noland,Dorothy H. Slentz,Merrie Mosedale,Olga Ilkayeva,James R. Bain,Robert Stevens,Jason R.B. Dyck,Christopher B. Newgard,Gary D. Lopaschuk,Deborah M. Muoio +11 more
TL;DR: Target metabolomics finds that obesity-related insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is characterized by excessive beta-oxidation, impaired switching to carbohydrate substrate during the fasted-to-fed transition, and coincident depletion of organic acid intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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The mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase system. From concept to molecular analysis.
J. Denis McGarry,N. F. Brown +1 more
TL;DR: Key developments of the last 20 years that have led to the current understanding of the physiology of the CPT system, the structure of theCPT isoforms, the chromosomal localization of their respective genes, and the identification of mutations in the human population are reviewed.
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Carnitine--metabolism and functions
TL;DR: The only firmly established function of carnitine is its function as a carrier of activated fatty acids and activated acetate across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the regulation of its synthesis is still incompletely understood.
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Mechanisms of disease:Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of insulin resistance and beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes.
TL;DR: This epidemiological reality heightens the urgency for gaining a deeper understanding of the processes that cause metabolic failure of key tissues and organ systems in type 2 diabetes, as reviewed here.
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