Cyclic di-GMP: the First 25 Years of a Universal Bacterial Second Messenger
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TLDR
A historic perspective on the development of the field is provided, common trends are emphasized, and new directions in c-di-GMP research are highlighted that will give a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.Abstract:
SUMMARY Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→5′) GMP (cyclic di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial cellulose synthase, c-di-GMP has emerged as one of the most common and important bacterial second messengers. Cyclic di-GMP has been shown to regulate biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, differentiation, and other processes. Most c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathways control the ability of bacteria to interact with abiotic surfaces or with other bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Cyclic di-GMP plays key roles in lifestyle changes of many bacteria, including transition from the motile to the sessile state, which aids in the establishment of multicellular biofilm communities, and from the virulent state in acute infections to the less virulent but more resilient state characteristic of chronic infectious diseases. From a practical standpoint, modulating c-di-GMP signaling pathways in bacteria could represent a new way of controlling formation and dispersal of biofilms in medical and industrial settings. Cyclic di-GMP participates in interkingdom signaling. It is recognized by mammalian immune systems as a uniquely bacterial molecule and therefore is considered a promising vaccine adjuvant. The purpose of this review is not to overview the whole body of data in the burgeoning field of c-di-GMP-dependent signaling. Instead, we provide a historic perspective on the development of the field, emphasize common trends, and illustrate them with the best available examples. We also identify unresolved questions and highlight new directions in c-di-GMP research that will give us a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.read more
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The cyclic-di-GMP signaling pathway in the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi
TL;DR: Elucidation of the importance of c-di-GMP signaling to B. burgdorferi may lead to the identification of mechanisms that are critical for the survival of B. intruder in the tick phase of the enzootic cycle, thereby enabling the development of effective drugs for the prevention and/or treatment of Lyme disease.
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Vibrio cholerae NspS, a homologue of ABC-type periplasmic solute binding proteins, facilitates transduction of polyamine signals independent of their transport
Steven R. Cockerell,Alex C. Rutkovsky,Josiah P. Zayner,Rebecca E. Cooper,Lindsay R. Porter,Sam S. Pendergraft,Zach M. Parker,Marcus W. McGinnis,Ece Karatan +8 more
TL;DR: The results support a role for NspS in signal transduction in response to norsperMidine and spermidine, but not their transport, and suggest that periplasmic ligand binding proteins may be widely utilized for sensory transduction.
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The Oxidative Stress Agent Hypochlorite Stimulates c-di-GMP Synthesis and Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Nikola Strempel,Michael Nusser,Anke Neidig,Gerald Brenner-Weiss,Joerg Overhage,Joerg Overhage +5 more
TL;DR: It is shown that both Pel and Psl exopolysaccharides are effectors in the PA3177-dependent c-di-GMP network, suggesting a key role of this second messenger in HClO-induced biofilm development.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cyclic Diguanylate Regulates Virulence Factor Genes via Multiple Riboswitches in Clostridium difficile.
TL;DR: The transcriptional regulon of c-di-GMP in C. difficile was determined by employing overexpression of a diguanylate cyclase gene to artificially manipulate intracellular c- Di GMP, and the functionality of 11 c-Di-G MP riboswitches was confirmed, demonstrating their effects on downstream gene expression independent of the upstream promoters.
Journal ArticleDOI
VpsR and cyclic di-GMP together drive transcription initiation to activate biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae.
TL;DR: The results suggest that c-di-GMP is required for VpsR to generate the specific protein–DNA architecture needed for activated transcription, a previously unrecognized role for c- DiGMP in gene expression.
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