Cyclic di-GMP: the First 25 Years of a Universal Bacterial Second Messenger
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TLDR
A historic perspective on the development of the field is provided, common trends are emphasized, and new directions in c-di-GMP research are highlighted that will give a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.Abstract:
SUMMARY Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→5′) GMP (cyclic di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial cellulose synthase, c-di-GMP has emerged as one of the most common and important bacterial second messengers. Cyclic di-GMP has been shown to regulate biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, differentiation, and other processes. Most c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathways control the ability of bacteria to interact with abiotic surfaces or with other bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Cyclic di-GMP plays key roles in lifestyle changes of many bacteria, including transition from the motile to the sessile state, which aids in the establishment of multicellular biofilm communities, and from the virulent state in acute infections to the less virulent but more resilient state characteristic of chronic infectious diseases. From a practical standpoint, modulating c-di-GMP signaling pathways in bacteria could represent a new way of controlling formation and dispersal of biofilms in medical and industrial settings. Cyclic di-GMP participates in interkingdom signaling. It is recognized by mammalian immune systems as a uniquely bacterial molecule and therefore is considered a promising vaccine adjuvant. The purpose of this review is not to overview the whole body of data in the burgeoning field of c-di-GMP-dependent signaling. Instead, we provide a historic perspective on the development of the field, emphasize common trends, and illustrate them with the best available examples. We also identify unresolved questions and highlight new directions in c-di-GMP research that will give us a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.read more
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Crystal Structure of VpsR Revealed Novel Dimeric Architecture and c-di-GMP Binding Site: Mechanistic Implications in Oligomerization, ATPase Activity and DNA Binding.
TL;DR: In this paper, the crystal structure of VpsRRA, containing REC and AAA+ domains, in apo, AMPPNP/GMPPNP and c-di-GMP bound states was solved.
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A tandem GGDEF-EAL domain protein-regulated c-di-GMP signal contributes to spoilage-related activities of Shewanella baltica OS155
TL;DR: The deletion of sbal_3235 significantly reduced the c-di-GMP level, biofilm formation, and exopolysaccharide, trimethylamine, and putrescine production in the spoilage bacterium Shewanella baltica OS155, providing novel targets for food quality and safety controlling.
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The Vibrio cholerae master regulator for the activation of biofilm biogenesis genes, VpsR, senses both cyclic di-GMP and phosphate.
Meng-Lun Hsieh,Niklas Kiel,Lisa M. Miller Jenkins,Wai-Leung Ng,Leslie Knipling,Christopher M. Waters,Deborah M. Hinton +6 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that VpsR is an unusual regulator that senses phosphate directly, rather than through phosphorylation, to aid in the decision to form/maintain biofilm.
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Evaluation and characterization of the predicted diguanylate cyclase-encoding genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
TL;DR: Cloned 16 genes from P. aeruginosa PAO1 that are predicted to encode diguanylate cyclases (DGCs), responsible for c‐di‐GMP biosynthesis, and constructed their corresponding in‐frame deletion mutants to provide not only a cloning library of 16 DGC‐encoding genes but also paved ways to briefly characterize a predicted DGC.
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Genome reduction of Borrelia burgdorferi: two TCS signaling pathways for two distinct host habitats.
TL;DR: The clinical manifestations of Lyme disease range from fever and skin lesions (erythema migrans) to multisystem disorders such as arthritis, carditis, and neuroborreliosis (Steere et al., 2004).
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