Cyclic di-GMP: the First 25 Years of a Universal Bacterial Second Messenger
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TLDR
A historic perspective on the development of the field is provided, common trends are emphasized, and new directions in c-di-GMP research are highlighted that will give a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.Abstract:
SUMMARY Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→5′) GMP (cyclic di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial cellulose synthase, c-di-GMP has emerged as one of the most common and important bacterial second messengers. Cyclic di-GMP has been shown to regulate biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, differentiation, and other processes. Most c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathways control the ability of bacteria to interact with abiotic surfaces or with other bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Cyclic di-GMP plays key roles in lifestyle changes of many bacteria, including transition from the motile to the sessile state, which aids in the establishment of multicellular biofilm communities, and from the virulent state in acute infections to the less virulent but more resilient state characteristic of chronic infectious diseases. From a practical standpoint, modulating c-di-GMP signaling pathways in bacteria could represent a new way of controlling formation and dispersal of biofilms in medical and industrial settings. Cyclic di-GMP participates in interkingdom signaling. It is recognized by mammalian immune systems as a uniquely bacterial molecule and therefore is considered a promising vaccine adjuvant. The purpose of this review is not to overview the whole body of data in the burgeoning field of c-di-GMP-dependent signaling. Instead, we provide a historic perspective on the development of the field, emphasize common trends, and illustrate them with the best available examples. We also identify unresolved questions and highlight new directions in c-di-GMP research that will give us a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.read more
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A Minimal Threshold of c-di-GMP Is Essential for Fruiting Body Formation and Sporulation in Myxococcus xanthus
Dorota Skotnicka,Gregory T. Smaldone,Tobias Petters,Eleftheria Trampari,Jennifer Liang,Volkhard Kaever,Jacob G. Malone,Jacob G. Malone,Mitchell Singer,Lotte Søgaard-Andersen +9 more
TL;DR: A model in which a minimum threshold level of c-di-GMP is essential for the successful completion of multicellular development in M. xanthus is suggested, which can be—at least partially—functionally replaced by a heterologous diguanylate cyclase.
Journal ArticleDOI
C-di-GMP regulates the expression of lapA and bcs operons via FleQ in Pseudomonas putida KT2440.
TL;DR: It is shown that c-di-GMP regulates the adhesin LapA, LapF and exopolysaccharides Bcs, Pea at transcriptional level and that fleQ mutant of P. putida was defective in biofilm formation and had smooth colony morphology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Functionalized biomaterials to combat biofilms
TL;DR: It is believed that all of these strategies, alone or in combination, could represent a blueprint for fighting biofilm-associated infections in the postantibiotic era.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cohesive Properties of the Caulobacter crescentus Holdfast Adhesin Are Regulated by a Novel c-di-GMP Effector Protein.
Kathrin S. Sprecher,Isabelle Hug,Jutta Nesper,Eva Potthoff,Mohamed-Ali Mahi,Matteo Sangermani,Volkhard Kaever,Torsten Schwede,Julia A. Vorholt,Urs Jenal +9 more
TL;DR: This work identifies HfsK, a member of a versatile N-acetyltransferase family, as a novel c-di-GMP effector involved in holdfast biogenesis, and presents indirect evidence that HFSK modifies the polysaccharide component of holdfast to buttress its cohesive properties.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cyclic diguanylate regulation of Bacillus cereus group biofilm formation.
Annette Fagerlund,Veronika Smith,Åsmund K. Røhr,Toril Lindbäck,Marthe Petrine Parmer,Kerstin Andersson,Léon Reubsaet,Ole Andreas Økstad +7 more
TL;DR: It is shown that in the Bacillus cereus group c‐di‐GMP signalling is linked to biofilm formation, and to several other phenotypes important to the lifestyle of these bacteria.
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