Cyclic di-GMP: the First 25 Years of a Universal Bacterial Second Messenger
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TLDR
A historic perspective on the development of the field is provided, common trends are emphasized, and new directions in c-di-GMP research are highlighted that will give a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.Abstract:
SUMMARY Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→5′) GMP (cyclic di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial cellulose synthase, c-di-GMP has emerged as one of the most common and important bacterial second messengers. Cyclic di-GMP has been shown to regulate biofilm formation, motility, virulence, the cell cycle, differentiation, and other processes. Most c-di-GMP-dependent signaling pathways control the ability of bacteria to interact with abiotic surfaces or with other bacterial and eukaryotic cells. Cyclic di-GMP plays key roles in lifestyle changes of many bacteria, including transition from the motile to the sessile state, which aids in the establishment of multicellular biofilm communities, and from the virulent state in acute infections to the less virulent but more resilient state characteristic of chronic infectious diseases. From a practical standpoint, modulating c-di-GMP signaling pathways in bacteria could represent a new way of controlling formation and dispersal of biofilms in medical and industrial settings. Cyclic di-GMP participates in interkingdom signaling. It is recognized by mammalian immune systems as a uniquely bacterial molecule and therefore is considered a promising vaccine adjuvant. The purpose of this review is not to overview the whole body of data in the burgeoning field of c-di-GMP-dependent signaling. Instead, we provide a historic perspective on the development of the field, emphasize common trends, and illustrate them with the best available examples. We also identify unresolved questions and highlight new directions in c-di-GMP research that will give us a deeper understanding of this truly universal bacterial second messenger.read more
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Lysobacter PilR, the Regulator of Type IV Pilus Synthesis, Controls Antifungal Antibiotic Production via a Cyclic di-GMP Pathway.
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Small RNAs in Bacterial Virulence and Communication
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SiaA/D Interconnects c-di-GMP and RsmA Signaling to Coordinate Cellular Aggregation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Response to Environmental Conditions
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TL;DR: A novel interaction between the RsmA posttranscriptional regulatory system and SiaA/D mediated macroscopic aggregation is revealed and it is found that overproduction of RSMA or the deletion of siaD results in decreased cellular cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate levels quantified by a transcriptional reporter.
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Mechanisms Protecting Acinetobacter baumannii against Multiple Stresses Triggered by the Host Immune Response, Antibiotics and Outside-Host Environment
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TL;DR: This review summarizes current studies on mechanisms that protect A. baumannii against multiple stresses caused by the host immune response, outside host environment, and antibiotic treatment and focuses on the ability of A.baumanni to survive long-term desiccation on abiotic surfaces and the population heterogeneity in A. BaumannII biofilms.
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Microbial biofilm: formation, architecture, antibiotic resistance, and control strategies.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of biofilm formation, its architecture, composition, genes and signaling cascades involved, and multifold antibiotic resistance exhibited by microorganisms dwelling within biofilms is presented.
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