Journal ArticleDOI
Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride
TLDR
An electrochemical method for the direct reduction of solid TiO2 is reported, in which the oxygen is ionized, dissolved in a molten salt and discharged at the anode, leaving pure titanium at the cathode.Abstract:
Many reactive metals are difficult to prepare in pure form without complicated and expensive procedures Although titanium has many desirable properties (it is light, strong and corrosion-resistant), its use has been restricted because of its high processing cost In the current pyrometallurgical process--the Kroll process--the titanium minerals rutile and ilmenite are carbochlorinated to remove oxygen, iron and other impurities, producing a TiCl4 vapour This is then reduced to titanium metal by magnesium metal; the by-product MgCl2 is removed by vacuum distillation The prediction that this process would be replaced by an electrochemical route has not been fulfilled; attempts involving the electro-deposition of titanium from ionic solutions have been hampered by difficulties in eliminating the redox cycling of multivalent titanium ions and in handling very reactive dendritic products Here we report an electrochemical method for the direct reduction of solid TiO2, in which the oxygen is ionized, dissolved in a molten salt and discharged at the anode, leaving pure titanium at the cathode The simplicity and rapidity of this process compared to conventional routes should result in reduced production costs and the approach should be applicable to a wide range of metal oxidesread more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The mechanism of electroforming of metal oxide memristive switches
Jianhua Yang,Feng Miao,Matthew D. Pickett,Douglas A. A. Ohlberg,Duncan Stewart,Chun Ning Lau,R. Stanley Williams +6 more
TL;DR: The nature of the oxide electroforming as an electro-reduction and vacancy creation process caused by high electric fields and enhanced by electrical Joule heating is explained with direct experimental evidence.
Journal ArticleDOI
Controlled synthesis of large-area and patterned electrochemically reduced graphene oxide films
TL;DR: Coupling a spray-coating technique with a facile, low-cost, efficient and environmentally friendly electrochemical method may realize the controllable synthesis of large-area and patterned electrochemically reduced graphene oxide films on various conductive and insulating substrates with thicknesses ranging from a single monolayer to several microns.
Journal ArticleDOI
Assessing the environmental impact of metal production processes
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated both new and existing processes for primary metal production to assess their environmental impacts and compared the results for various metals, including copper, nickel, aluminium, lead, zinc, steel, stainless steel and titanium.
Journal ArticleDOI
Salt melt synthesis of ceramics, semiconductors and carbon nanostructures
TL;DR: The recent progress in SMS of inorganic materials, including oxide ceramic powders, semiconductors and carbon nanostructures, is reviewed here and special emphasis is placed on materials with nanostructure generated by SMS, and the possible modulation of materials structures at the nanoscale in the salt melt.
Journal ArticleDOI
Application of Hydrides in Hydrogen Storage and Compression: Achievements, Outlook and Perspectives
José M. Bellosta von Colbe,José R. Ares,Jussara Barale,Marcello Baricco,Craig E. Buckley,Giovanni Capurso,Noris Gallandat,David M. Grant,Matylda N. Guzik,I. Jacob,Emil H. Jensen,Torben R. Jensen,Julian Jepsen,Thomas Klassen,Mykhaylol V. Lototskyy,Kandavel Manickam,Amelia Montone,Julián Puszkiel,Julián Puszkiel,Sabrina Sartori,Drew A. Sheppard,Alastair D. Stuart,Gavin S. Walker,Colin J. Webb,H.N. Yang,H.N. Yang,Volodymyr A. Yartys,Andreas Züttel,Andreas Züttel,Martin Dornheim +29 more
TL;DR: In this article, the present status and the future perspectives of the use of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage are discussed, as well as a new hydrogen compression technology is proposed.
References
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Book
Binary alloy phase diagrams
TL;DR: Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, Plus Updates, on CD-ROM offers you the same high-quality, reliable data you'll find in the 3-volume print set published by ASM in 1990.
Book
Handbook of extractive metallurgy
TL;DR: In this paper, the economic classification of metals metal production and recycling of metals by-product and secondary metals is discussed, including the following classes of metals: primary metals: copper lead zinc lead zinc tin nickel primary metals secondary metals: arsenic antimony bismuth Cadmium Mercury Cobalt Light Metals: Beryllium Magnesium Aluminium Titanium Precious metals: Gold Silver Platinum Group Metals Refractory metals: Tungsten Molybdenum Niobium Tantalum Zirconium Hafnium Vanadium R
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Gasification of graphite in carbon dioxide and water vapor—the catalytic effects of alkali metal salts
TL;DR: In this paper, the catalytic effects of a series of alkali metal salts in promoting the gasification of a graphite powder by carbon dioxide and water vapor have been studied by thermogravimetry between 700 and 1100°C.
Journal ArticleDOI
Producing lower-cost titanium for automotive applications
TL;DR: Although titanium has attractive properties that can improve the performance and economy of automobiles, at its current cost, it cannot compete with steel in most applications for which it is suited.
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