Q2. What is the primary source parameter for the nearshore wave height?
Reasonable variations in failure duration have less of an effect on nearshore wave height estimates than the primary source parameter: landslide volume.
Q3. What is the effect of bottom friction on the tsunami amplitude?
During propagation of the back-going tsunami across the continental shelf, however, higher bottom friction results in greater energy dissipation and significantly smaller tsunami amplitude estimates.
Q4. What is the primary hydrodynamic parameter that affects estimates of nearshore wave height?
The primary hydrodynamic parameter that affects estimates of nearshore wave height is bottom friction along the continental shelf and nearshore region.
Q5. What are the two smooth functions of the landslide kinematics?
Both the downslope and shore-parallel displacements are smooth functions to ensure numerical stability in the hydrodynamic calculations.
Q6. What is the final simulation of the Currituck landslide?
The final simulation is a very high-resolution 1D propagation and runup model to accurately model dispersion, nonlinearity, and wave breaking as the tsunami propagates across the continental shelf and runs up onto the barrier islands broadside from the landslide.
Q7. Why is the back-going tsunami more complex?
Because the back-going tsunami quickly leaves the source region and is not “tuned” by seafloor movement in the slide direction, it is more complexly related to initial displacement of the slide mass immediately after failure.
Q8. What are the main obstacles in understanding landslide tsunamis?
In the past, a poor understanding of submarine landslide dynamics, in combination with the higher-order hydrodynamic theory needed to model dispersion and nonlinearity, have been major obstacles in understanding landslide tsunamis.
Q9. What is the model used for this study?
The model used for this study is the Cornell University Long and Intermediate Wave Modeling package (COULWAVE) (Lynett and Liu, 2002).
Q10. Why are landslide tsunamis more likely to occur?
Because of their smaller source dimensions, tsunamis from landslide sources are more affected by frequency dispersion (cf., Carrier, 1971).
Q11. How long does it take for the tsunami wavefield to reach the shoreline?
Evolution of the tsunami wavefield is calculated for a propagation time of 100 min, which is approximately the time it takes the first waves to reach the nearest shoreline (Currituck Banks) at the western edge of the model domain.
Q12. Why are the nearshore tsunami amplitudes less than for Slides 1 and 2 combined?
The nearshore tsunami amplitudes for the composite slide, are slightly less than for Slides 1 and 2 combined, owing to the dissipative effects of bottom friction during propagation.
Q13. How many m grid spacings were needed to model the effects of the tsunami?
To accurately model these effects it was determined that a grid spacing of 5 m and the fully nonlinear (FNLEXT) equations were needed.
Q14. How long does the drawdown of the tsunami last?
The initial drawdown of the tsunami at the nearshore station starts approximately 65 min after landslide initiation and lasts approximately 15 min before the initial elevation wave arrives (Fig. 5c).
Q15. What is the effect of bottom friction on the maximum nearshore tsunami wave height?
In each case, bottom friction has more of an effect on maximum nearshore tsunami wave height than failure duration, for the ranges tested.
Q16. What is the shoaling coefficient for the landslide source?
The landslide source for tsunami waves is parameterized by its geometry and duration of vertical displacement (Lynett and Liu, 2002, 2005).
Q17. What is the location of the wavefield that is more dangerous?
P shows locationof transect anddistance scalewheremaximumtsunamiamplitude isdisplayed inthe part of the wavefield that is potentially more dangerous, because of the shorter propagation distances (for a typical continental margin setting; fjords are a notable exception), and this is the part of the wavefield the authors focus on in this paper.
Q18. How are the potential tsunamis for the Currituck landslide investigated?
Potential tsunamis for the Currituck landslide are further explored using regional propagation models and high-resolution 1D models to simulate nearshore propagation and runup.