Journal ArticleDOI
Hypothalamic orexin expression: modulation by blood glucose and feeding.
XJ Cai,Peter S. Widdowson,Joanne A. Harrold,Shelagh Wilson,Robin E. Buckingham,Jonathan R.S. Arch,Mohammad Tadayyon,John C. Clapham,John P.H. Wilding,Gareth R. Williams +9 more
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TLDR
Orexin expression was not obviously related to changes in body weight, insulin, or leptin, but was stimulated under conditions of low plasma glucose in the absence of food, and may participate in the short-term regulation of energy homeostasis by initiating feeding in response to falls in glucose and terminating it after food ingestion.Abstract:
Orexins (hypocretins), novel peptides expressed in specific neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), stimulate feeding when injected intracerebroventricularly. We investigated their role in feeding in the rat by measuring hypothalamic prepro-orexin mRNA levels under contrasting conditions of increased hunger. Prepro-orexin mRNA levels increased significantly after 48 h of fasting (by 90-170%; P < 0.05) and after acute (6 h) hypoglycemia when food was withheld (by 90%; P < 0.02). By contrast, levels were unchanged during chronic food restriction, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, hypoglycemia when food was available, voluntary overconsumption of palatable food, or glucoprivation induced by systemic 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Orexin expression was not obviously related to changes in body weight, insulin, or leptin, but was stimulated under conditions of low plasma glucose in the absence of food. Orexins may participate in the short-term regulation of energy homeostasis by initiating feeding in response to falls in glucose and terminating it after food ingestion. The LHA is known to contain neurons that are stimulated by falls in circulating glucose but inhibited by feeding-related signals from the viscera; orexin neurons may correspond to this neuronal population.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain.
Jacob Marcus,Carl J. Aschkenasi,Charlotte E. Lee,Richard M. Chemelli,Clifford B. Saper,Masashi Yanagisawa,Joel K. Elmquist +6 more
TL;DR: The differential distribution of oxin receptors is consistent with the proposed multifaceted roles of orexin in regulating homeostasis and may explain the unique role of the OX2R receptor in regulating sleep state stability.
Journal ArticleDOI
The need to feed: Homeostatic and hedonic control of eating
TL;DR: The role played in homeostatic regulation of feeding by systemic mediators such as leptin and ghrelin are examined, which act on brain systems utilizing neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, melanocortins, orexins, and melanin concentrating hormone, among other mediators.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing
Peter J. Goadsby,Philip R. Holland,Margarida Martins-Oliveira,Jan Hoffmann,Christoph J. Schankin,Simon Akerman +5 more
TL;DR: Investment in understanding migraine leaves us at a new dawn, able to transform its impact on a global scale, as well as understand fundamental aspects of human biology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hypothalamic orexin neurons regulate arousal according to energy balance in mice.
Akihiro Yamanaka,Carsten T. Beuckmann,Jon T. Willie,Junko Hara,Natsuko Tsujino,Michihiro Mieda,Makoto Tominaga,Ken-ichi Yagami,Fumihiro Sugiyama,Katsutoshi Goto,Masashi Yanagisawa,Masashi Yanagisawa,Takeshi Sakurai +12 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that hypothalamic orexin neurons monitor indicators of energy balance and mediate adaptive augmentation of arousal in response to fasting, indicating that orexIn neurons provide a crucial link between energy Balance and arousal.
Journal ArticleDOI
To eat or to sleep? Orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness.
TL;DR: These findings suggest that the orexin neuropeptide system plays a significant role in feeding and sleep-wakefulness regulation, possibly by coordinating the complex behavioral and physiologic responses of these complementary homeostatic functions.
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