Showing papers in "Neuron in 2003"

TL;DR: PD models based on the manipulation of PD genes should prove valuable in elucidating important aspects of the disease, such as selective vulnerability of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons to the degenerative process.

TL;DR: The recapitulation of salient features of AD in these mice clarifies the relationships between Abeta, synaptic dysfunction, and tangles and provides a valuable model for evaluating potential AD therapeutics as the impact on both lesions can be assessed.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors performed an fMRI study in which participants inhaled odorants producing a strong feeling of disgust and observed video clips showing the emotional facial expression of disgust, which activated the same sites in anterior insula and to a lesser extent in the anterior cingulate cortex.

TL;DR: Using electrophysiological recordings, ghrelin stimulated the activity of arcuate NPY neurons and mimicked the effect of NPY in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), thus representing a novel regulatory circuit controlling energy homeostasis.

TL;DR: It is shown that neuronal activity modulates the formation and secretion of Abeta peptides in hippocampal slice neurons that overexpress APP, and it is proposed that activity-dependent modulation of endogenous Abeta production may normally participate in a negative feedback that could keep neuronal hyperactivity in check.

TL;DR: Regression analyses revealed that responses in ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex were significantly correlated with this prediction error signal, suggesting that, during appetitive conditioning, computations described by temporal difference learning are expressed in the human brain.

TL;DR: It is shown here that constitutive expression of SOX2 inhibits neuronal differentiation and results in the maintenance of progenitor characteristics, and that SOXB1 signaling is both necessary and sufficient to maintain panneural properties of neural progenitors.

TL;DR: This work has shown that neuronal activity controls synaptic AMPA receptor trafficking, and this dynamic process plays a key role in the synaptic plasticity that is thought to underlie aspects of learning and memory.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that in vivo administration of drugs of abuse with different molecular mechanisms of action as well as acute stress both increase strength at excitatory synapses on midbrain dopamine neurons, suggesting plasticity at excited synapses may be a key neural adaptation contributing to addiction and its interactions with stress.

TL;DR: This work examines the generation of gamma oscillation currents in the hippocampus, using two-dimensional, 96-site silicon probes and identifies two gamma generators, one in the dentate gyrus and another in the CA3-CA1 regions.

TL;DR: Recent findings indicate that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Prion diseases as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which raises hopes for a better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in these diseases and for the development of novel, mechanism-based therapeutic modalities.

TL;DR: It is shown that positive and negative prediction errors in reward delivery time correlate with BOLD changes in human striatum, with the strongest activation lateralized to the left putamen.

TL;DR: Gamma-Secretase cleaves the Amyloid Precursor Protein in its transmembrane domain, releasing the amyloid peptide Abeta, the main constituent of the ameloid plaques in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

TL;DR: A working model for cytoskeletal regulation of directed axon outgrowth is presented and an important goal for the future will be to understand the coordinated response of the cytoskeleton to signaling cascades induced by guidance receptor activation.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that hypothalamic orexin neurons monitor indicators of energy balance and mediate adaptive augmentation of arousal in response to fasting, indicating that orexIn neurons provide a crucial link between energy Balance and arousal.

TL;DR: It is established that antibodies against beta-amyloid plaques can slow cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

TL;DR: Between-subjects correlations with performance showed that good navigators activated the anterior hippocampus during wayfinding and head of caudate during route following, and it is argued that the type of representation used influences both performance and concomitant fMRI activation patterns.

TL;DR: Results indicate a functional double dissociation in brain regions supporting different components of cognitive control during task switching and suggest that both sustained and transient control processes mediate the behavioral performance costs of task switching.

TL;DR: Findings demonstrate a functional segregation within the human gustatory system and show that amygdala activity may be driven by stimulus intensity irrespective of valence, casting doubt upon the notion that the amygdala responds preferentially to negative stimuli.

TL;DR: The ability of q-ball imaging to resolve complex intravoxel fiber architecture eliminates a key obstacle to mapping neural connectivity in the human brain noninvasively.

TL;DR: Using Cre/loxP in vivo fate mapping studies, it is found that radial glia generate virtually all cortical projection neurons but not the interneurons originating in the ventral telencephalon.

TL;DR: It is concluded that insofar as the neural code is mediated by average firing rate, a two-layer neural network may provide a useful abstraction for the computing function of the individual pyramidal neuron.

TL;DR: An in vivo dentate gyrus LTP model is used to show that LTP induction is associated with actin cytoskeletal reorganization characterized by a long-lasting increase in F-actin content within dendritic spines, and that mechanisms regulating the spine act in cytoskeleton contribute to the persistence of LTP.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that transgenic overexpression of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) or neprilysin (NEP) in neurons significantly reduces brain Abeta levels, retards or completely prevents amyloid plaque formation and its associated cytopathology, and rescues the premature lethality present in amyloids precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice.

TL;DR: In this paper, conditional null alleles of both the Sonic hedgehog and Smoothened genes were examined to directly test the requirement for hedgehog signaling in the telencephalon from early neurogenesis.

TL;DR: It is suggested that pathogenic polyQ proteins cause neuronal dysfunction and organismal death by two non-mutually exclusive mechanisms that requires nuclear accumulation and induces apoptosis; the other interferes with axonal transport.

TL;DR: The data demonstrate that FGF and RA pathways are mutually inhibitory and suggest that their opposing actions provide a global mechanism that controls differentiation during axis extension.

TL;DR: In this article, bHLH factors have key roles in corticogenesis, affecting the timing of differentiation and the specification of cell fate, and the formation of oligodendrocytes is triggered by an increase in the activity of Olig1 and Olig2, coupled with a decrease in Id activity.

TL;DR: Recordings from thalamic and related cortical neurons in vivo suggest that, far from being a quiescent state during which the cortex and subcortical structures are globally inhibited, slow-wave sleep may consolidate memory traces acquired during wakefulness in corticothalamic networks.

TL;DR: A form of activity-dependent long-term depression at hippocampal inhibitory synapses that is triggered postsynaptically via glutamate receptor activation but is expressed presynaptically is described, which could account for the effects of cannabinoids on learning and memory.