Macrophages are sensitive to anthrax lethal toxin through an acid-dependent process.
TLDR
It is suggested that anthrax lethal toxin requires passage through an acidic endocytic vesicle in order to exert its toxic effect within the cytosol.About:
This article is published in Journal of Biological Chemistry.The article was published on 1986-06-05 and is currently open access. It has received 540 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Anthrax toxin & Endocytic vesicle.read more
Citations
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Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Mediated Programmed Necrotic Cell Death
TL;DR: The discovery of caspase-11/4/5 function in sensing intracellular lipopolysaccharide expands the spectrum of pyroptosis mediators and also reveals that pyroPTosis is not cell type specific.
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Proteolytic Inactivation of MAP-Kinase-Kinase by Anthrax Lethal Factor
Nicholas S. Duesbery,Craig P. Webb,Stephen H. Leppla,Valery M. Gordon,Kurt Klimpel,Terry D. Copeland,Natalie G. Ahn,M Oskarsson,Kenji Fukasawa,Ken D. Paull,George F. Vande Woude +10 more
TL;DR: It is shown that LF is a protease that cleaves the amino terminus of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 1 and 2 and that this cleavage inactivates MAPKK1 and inhibits the MAPK signal transduction pathway.
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Intracellular NOD-like Receptors in Host Defense and Disease
TL;DR: The recent understanding in NLRs is discussed, which indicates that two NLRs sense the cytosolic presence of the peptidoglycan fragments meso-DAP and muramyl dipeptide, respectively, and drive the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
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Identification of the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin.
Kenneth A. Bradley,Jeremy Mogridge,Jeremy Mogridge,Michael Mourez,Robert J. Collier,John A. Young +5 more
TL;DR: The cloning of the human PA receptor is described using a genetic complementation approach and a soluble version of this domain can protect cells from the action of the toxin.
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Nalp1b controls mouse macrophage susceptibility to anthrax lethal toxin.
TL;DR: It is shown that an extremely polymorphic gene in this locus, Nalp1b, is the primary mediator of mousemacrophage susceptibility to LeTx, and that LeTx-induced macrophage death requires caspase-1, which is activated in susceptible, but not resistant, macrophages after intoxication.
References
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Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells.
TL;DR: It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form and nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase.
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On the entry of Semliki Forest virus into BHK-21 cells.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the penetration of the viral genome into the cytosol takes place intracellularly through fusion between the limiting membrane of intrACEllular vacuoles and the membrane of viruses contained within them.
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Effect of weak bases on the intralysosomal pH in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
TL;DR: The spectral characteristics of dextran, labeled with fluorescein, depend upon pH, and the results of these studies are interpreted in terms of energy-dependent lysosomal acidification and leakage of protons out of theLysosomes in the form of protonated weak bases.
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Diphtheria toxin entry into cells is facilitated by low pH.
Kirsten Sandvig,Sjur Olsnes +1 more
TL;DR: The data suggest that, at low pH, diphtheria toxin penetrates directly through the surface membrane of the cell, and the rate of protein synthesis in the cells decreased much faster than when the normal pH was maintained.
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The entry of diphtheria toxin into the mammalian cell cytoplasm: evidence for lysosomal involvement
TL;DR: Exposing the toxin to an acidic environment, such as that found within lysosomes, is an important step in the penetration of diphtheria toxin into the cytoplasm.