/pdf/fall-risk-assessment-a-prospective-investigation-of-nurses-8jqt98gdsi.pdf

Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning

Fall risk assessment : A prospective investigation of nurses' clinical judgement and risk assessment tools in predicting patient falls in an acute care setting

Cognitive theories of problem solving and suggestions made by cognitive psychologists regarding how to teach problem solving are reviewed. Theories and suggestions from creativity research are also considered. The results are summarized in a description of how high levels of proficiency in problem solving are acquired and how problem solving skills might best be taught, keeping in mind a distinction between well and ill-structured problems. The need for practice materials is discussed, and some desirable qualities of such materials are suggested. Finally, several unresolved issues regarding instructional methods are considered.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.2330-8516.1983.tb00019.x

Implications of cognitive theory for instruction in problem solving

When the contributing authors of this book met together at what became known 
as the PCK Summit, the first session was a video conference with Lee Shulman 
who offered a personal glimpse into his thinking about the issues, times, and 
events that have shaped PCK. Shulman typically presented a coherent, thoughtful, and well-structured presentation and invited the audience into his thinking 
in ways that gave insights into the history of PCK; a history that is important in 
understanding why this seductive construct has attracted so much attention from 
researchers for so long.

PCK: Its genesis and exodus

NEOMYCIN is a computer program that models one physician''s diagnostic reasoning within a limited area of medicine. NEOMYCIN''s diagnostic procedure is represented in a well-structured way, separately from the domain knowledge it operates upon. We are testing the hypothesis that such a procedure can be used to simulate both expert problem-solving behavior and a good teacher''s explanations of reasoning. The model is acquired by protocol analysis, using a framework that separates an expert''s causal explanations of evidence from his descriptions of knowledge relations and strategies. The model is represented by a procedural network of goals and rules that are stated in terms of the effect the problem solver is trying to have on his evolving model of the world. The model is evaluated for sufficiency by testing it in different settings requiring expertise, such as providing advice and teaching. The model is evaluated for plausibility by arguing that the constraints implicit in the diagnostic procedure are imposed by the task domain and human computational capability. This paper discusses NEOMYCIN''s diagnostic procedure in detail, viewing it as a memory aid, as a set of operators, as proceduralized constraints, and as a grammar. This study provides new perspectives on the nature of "knowledge compilation" and how an expert-teacher''s explanations relate to a working program.

/pdf/acquiring-representing-and-evaluating-a-competence-model-of-2ldre5wfeb.pdf

Acquiring, representing, and evaluating a competence model of diagnostic strategy

After scientists had developed the first digital computers in the 1940s, society was told that these new machines would soon be serving routinely as memory devices, assisting with calculations and with information retrieval. Within the next decade, physicians and other health workers had begun to hear about the dramatic effects that such technology would have on medical practice. More than four decades of remarkable progress in computing have followed those early predictions, and many of the original prophesies have come to pass. Stories regarding the “information revolution” fill our newspapers and popular magazines, and today’s children show an uncanny ability to make use of computers as routine tools for study and entertainment. Similarly, clinical workstations are now available on hospital wards and in outpatient offices. Yet many observers cite the healthcare system as being slow to understand information technology, to exploit it for its unique practical and strategic functionalities, and to incorporate it effectively into the work environment. Nonetheless, the enormous technological advances of the last two decades—personal computers and graphical workstations, new methods for human-computer interactions, innovations in mass storage of data, personal digital assistants, the Internet and the World Wide Web, wireless communications—have all combined to make routine use of computers by all health workers and biomedical scientists inevitable. A new world is already with us, but its greatest influence is yet to come. This book will teach you both about our present resources and accomplishments and about what we can expect in the years ahead.

Medical Problem Solving: An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning

Citations

Fall risk assessment : A prospective investigation of nurses' clinical judgement and risk assessment tools in predicting patient falls in an acute care setting

Implications of cognitive theory for instruction in problem solving

PCK: Its genesis and exodus

Acquiring, representing, and evaluating a competence model of diagnostic strategy

The Computer Meets Medicine and Biology: Emergence of a Discipline

Related Papers (5)

A Cognitive Perspective on Medical Expertise: Theory and Implications

Human Problem Solving.

Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases

Problem-based learning : an approach to medical education

The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action