Norovirus infectivity in humans and persistence in water.
Scot R. Seitz,Juan S. Leon,Kellogg J. Schwab,G. Marshall Lyon,Melissa Dowd,Marisa McDaniels,Marisa McDaniels,Gwen Abdulhafid,Marina L. Fernandez,Lisa C. Lindesmith,Ralph S. Baric,Christine L. Moe +11 more
TLDR
It is demonstrated that Norwalk virus in groundwater can remain detectable for over 3 years and can remain infectious for at least 61 days.Abstract:
To examine the long-term infectivity of human norovirus in water, 13 study subjects were challenged at different time points with groundwater spiked with the prototype human norovirus, Norwalk virus. Norwalk virus spiked in groundwater remained infectious after storage at room temperature in the dark for 61 days (the last time point tested). The Norwalk virus-seeded groundwater was stored for 1,266 days and analyzed, after RNase treatment, by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect Norwalk virus RNA contained within intact capsids. Norwalk virus RNA within intact capsids was detected in groundwater for 1,266 days, with no significant log 10 reduction throughout 427 days and a significant 1.10-log 10 reduction by day 1266. Purified Norwalk virus RNA (extracted from Norwalk virus virions) persisted for 14 days in groundwater, tap water, and reagent-grade water. This study demonstrates that Norwalk virus in groundwater can remain detectable for over 3 years and can remain infectious for at least 61 days. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00313404.)read more
Citations
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Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and urine and its potential role in person-to-person transmission and the environment-based spread of COVID-19.
David L. Jones,David L. Jones,Marcos Quintela Baluja,David W. Graham,Alexander Corbishley,James E. McDonald,Shelagh K. Malham,Luke S. Hillary,Thomas R. Connor,William H. Gaze,Ines B Moura,Mark H. Wilcox,Kata Farkas +12 more
TL;DR: The likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 being transmitted via feces or urine appears much lower due to the lower relative amounts of virus present in feces/urine, and the biggest risk of transmission will occur in clinical and care home settings where secondary handling of people and urine/fecal matter occurs.
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Environmental transmission of norovirus gastroenteritis.
Ben Lopman,Paul A. Gastañaduy,Paul A. Gastañaduy,Geun Woo Park,Aron J. Hall,Umesh D. Parashar,Jan Vinjé +6 more
TL;DR: The advent of molecular techniques and their increasingly widespread use in public health laboratories and research studies has transformed the understanding of the burden of norovirus, which is the most common cause of community-acquired diarrheal disease across all ages.
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The epidemiology of published norovirus outbreaks: a review of risk factors associated with attack rate and genogroup.
Jonathan Matthews,B. W. Dickey,R. D. Miller,J. R. Felzer,B. P. Dawson,A. S. Lee,Jennifer J. Rocks,J. Kiel,Julia Montes,Christine L. Moe,Joseph N. S. Eisenberg,Juan S. Leon +11 more
TL;DR: Multivariate regression analyses demonstrated that foodservice and winter outbreaks were significantly associated with higher attack rates, and foodborne and waterborne outbreaks were associated with multiple strains (GI+GII), which identify important trends for epidemic NoV detection, prevention, and control.
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Epidemiology of foodborne norovirus outbreaks, United States, 2001-2008.
Aron J. Hall,Valerie G. Eisenbart,Amy Lehman Etingüe,L. Hannah Gould,Ben Lopman,Umesh D. Parashar +5 more
TL;DR: A recent study identified the most common sources of foodborne norovirus outbreaks as ready-to-eat foods that contain fresh produce and mollusks that are eaten raw, such as oysters.
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Tracing enteric viruses in the European berry fruit supply chain
Leena Maunula,Agnieszka Kaupke,Petra Vasickova,Kirsi Söderberg,Iwona Kozyra,Sava Lazić,Wim H.M. van der Poel,Martijn Bouwknegt,Saskia A. Rutjes,Kris Willems,R. Moloney,Martin D'Agostino,Ana Maria de Roda Husman,Carl-Henrik von Bonsdorff,Artur Rzeżutka,Ivo Pavlik,Tamaš Petrović,Nigel Cook +17 more
TL;DR: Insight is given into viral sources and transmission routes and the necessity for thorough compliance with good agricultural and hygienic practice at the farms is emphasized to help protect the public from viral infections.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Norwalk Virus: How Infectious Is It?
Peter Teunis,Christine L. Moe,Pengbo Liu,Sara E. Miller,Lisa C. Lindesmith,Ralph S. Baric,Jacques Le Pendu,Rebecca L. Calderon +7 more
TL;DR: A new variant of the hit theory model of microbial infection was developed to estimate the variation in Norwalk virus infectivity, as well as the degree of virus aggregation, consistent with independent (electron microscopic) observations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Human susceptibility and resistance to Norwalk virus infection
Lisa C. Lindesmith,Christine L. Moe,Séverine Marionneau,Nathalie Ruvoen,Xi Jiang,Lauren Lindblad,Paul W. Stewart,Jacques LePendu,Ralph S. Baric +8 more
TL;DR: It is shown that resistance to Norwalk virus infection is multifactorial, and of the susceptible population that encoded a functional FUT2 gene, a portion was resistant to infection, suggesting that a memory immune response or some other unidentified factor also affords protection from Norovirus infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis.
Manish M. Patel,Marc-Alain Widdowson,Roger I. Glass,Kenichiro Akazawa,Jan Vinjé,Umesh D. Parashar +5 more
TL;DR: Noroviruses accounted for 12% of severe gastroenteritis cases among children <5 years of age and 10% among children under the age of five, according to World Health Organization data.
Journal ArticleDOI
Norwalk Virus Infection of Volunteers: New Insights Based on Improved Assays
TL;DR: Results show a higher infection rate, more subclinical infections, and longer virus excretion following Norwalk virus inoculation than previously recognized.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evaluation of Murine Norovirus, Feline Calicivirus, Poliovirus, and MS2 as Surrogates for Human Norovirus in a Model of Viral Persistence in Surface Water and Groundwater
Jinhee Bae,Kellogg J. Schwab +1 more
TL;DR: MNV shows great promise as a human NoV surrogate due to its genetic similarity and environmental stability and FCV was much less stable and thus questionable as an adequate surrogate for human NoVs in surface water and groundwater.