Respiratory Impact of Electronic Cigarettes and Low-Risk Tobacco
TLDR
There is an urgent need to regulate e-cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems, at least with the same restrictions to those applied to tobacco products, and not to consider them as harmless products.Abstract:
Electronic cigarettes, handheld devices that generate an aerosol that may contain nicotine by heating a solution or e-liquid, have been increasingly used especially in the young population. The aerosol's composition is determined by temperature, and by the substances contained in the heated liquid: glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine in variable concentrations, flavoring agents, and other non-nicotine compounds. >80 compounds (including known toxics, e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, metallic nanoparticles, and acrolein) have been found in e-liquid and aerosols. Airway irritation, mucus hypersecretion, and inflammatory response, including systemic changes, have been observed after the exposure to e-cigarettes, leading to an increase in respiratory symptoms and changes in respiratory function and the host defense mechanisms. E-cigarette has been linked with an increase of symptoms in individuals with asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. One of the major concerns in public health is the rise in e-cigarette experimentation among never-smokers, especially children and adolescents, which leads to nicotine addiction and increases the chances of becoming with time a conventional smoker. There is an urgent need to regulate e-cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems, at least with the same restrictions to those applied to tobacco products, and not to consider them as harmless products.read more
Citations
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E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications - eScholarship
TL;DR: Rather than stimulating smokers to switch from conventional cigarettes to less dangerous e-cigarette or quitting altogether, e-cigarettes are reducing smoking cessation rates and expanding the nicotine market by attracting youth.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols induce oxidative stress in human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells.
TL;DR: Flavorless e-liquid aerosol is less toxic than cinnamon aerosol in human osteoblasts and osteoblast collagen type I protein is unaltered by e- liquid aerosol exposure.
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Predicting molecular mechanisms, pathways, and health outcomes induced by Juul e-cigarette aerosol chemicals using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database.
Cynthia J. Grondin,Allan Peter Davis,Jolene Wiegers,Thomas C. Wiegers,Daniela Sciaky,Robin J. Johnson,Carolyn J. Mattingly +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential molecular mechanisms of eight chemicals detected in the aerosols generated by heating Juul e-cigarette pods: nicotine, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, free radicals, crotonaldehyde, acetone, pyruvaldehyde, and particulate matter.
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A review of constituents identified in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols
TL;DR: E-liquids and aerosols contain a variety of chemicals with potential health effects from inhaling them and secondhand health effects are unknown because of limited understanding of the dose of exposure by non-users.
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Modeling drug exposure in rodents using e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery systems.
Cristina Miliano,E. Reilly Scott,Laura B. Murdaugh,Emma R. Gnatowski,Christine L. Faunce,Megan S. Anderson,Malissa M. Reyes,Ann M. Gregus,Matthew W. Buczynski +8 more
TL;DR: This review examines the peripheral and central effects of ENDS-mediated exposure to nicotine and other drugs of abuse in rodents and evaluates current techniques for implementing ENDS in preclinical research.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes
Maciej L. Goniewicz,Maciej L. Goniewicz,Maciej L. Goniewicz,Jakub Knysak,Michal Gawron,Leon Kosmider,Andrzej Sobczak,Jolanta Kurek,Adam Prokopowicz,Magdalena Jabłońska-Czapla,Czesława Rosik-Dulewska,Christopher Havel,Peyton Jacob,Neal L. Benowitz +13 more
TL;DR: The findings of this study are consistent with the idea that substituting tobacco cigarettes with e-cigarettes may substantially reduce exposure to selected tobacco-specific toxicants.
Journal ArticleDOI
Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial
Chris Bullen,Colin Howe,Murray Laugesen,Hayden McRobbie,Varsha Parag,Jonathan Williman,Natalie Walker +6 more
TL;DR: E-cigarettes, with or without nicotine, were modestly effective at helping smokers to quit, with similar achievement of abstinence as with nicotine patches, and few adverse events.
Journal ArticleDOI
Association Between Initial Use of e-Cigarettes and Subsequent Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Samir Soneji,Samir Soneji,Jessica L. Barrington-Trimis,Thomas A. Wills,Adam M. Leventhal,Jennifer B. Unger,Laura A. Gibson,Jaewon Yang,Brian A. Primack,Judy A. Andrews,Richard A. Miech,Tory R. Spindle,Danielle M. Dick,Thomas Eissenberg,Robert C. Hornik,Rui Dang,James D. Sargent,James D. Sargent +17 more
TL;DR: For instance, this paper performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies that assessed initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking, and found that e-cigarette use was associated with higher risk for subsequent smoking initiation and past 30-day cigarette smoking.
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E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sara Kalkhoran,Stanton A. Glantz +1 more
TL;DR: E-cigarette use and cigarette smoking cessation among adult cigarette smokers, irrespective of their motivation for using e-cigarettes, are associated with significantly less quitting among smokers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pharmacology of Nicotine: Addiction, Smoking-Induced Disease, and Therapeutics
TL;DR: Genetic studies indicate roles for nicotinic receptor subtypes, as well as genes involved in neuroplasticity and learning, in development of dependence, and Pharmacotherapeutic approaches to tobacco addiction include nicotine replacement, bupropion, and varenicline.
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