Journal ArticleDOI
Rotating Nuclear Rings and Extreme Starbursts in Ultraluminous Galaxies
D. Downes,P. M. Solomon +1 more
TLDR
In this paper, a model of radiative transfer through subthermally excited CO in the molecular disks was proposed, which yields gas masses of ~5 × 109 M and a ratio M/L ≈ 0.8 MAbstract:
New CO interferometer data show that the molecular gas in infrared ultraluminous galaxies is in rotating nuclear disks or rings. The CO maps yield disk radii, kinematic major axes, rotation speeds, enclosed dynamical masses, and gas masses. The CO brightness temperatures, the double-peaked CO line profiles, the limits on thermal continuum flux from dust, and the constraint that the gas mass must be less than the dynamical mass all indicate that the CO lines are subthermally excited and moderately opaque (τ = 4 to 10). We fit kinematic models in which most of the CO flux comes from a moderate-density warm intercloud medium, rather than from self-gravitating clouds. Typical ring radii are 300 to 800 pc. We derive gas masses not from a standard CO-to-mass ratio, but from a model of radiative transfer through subthermally excited CO in the molecular disks. This model yields gas masses of ~5 × 109 M☉, ~5 times lower than the standard method, and a ratio M/L ≈ 0.8 M☉ (K km s-1 pc2)-1. In the nuclear disks, we derive a ratio of gas to dynamical mass of Mgas/Mdyn ≈ 1/6, and a maximum ratio of gas to total mass surface density, μ/μtot, of 1/3. For the galaxies VII Zw 31, Arp 193, and IRAS 10565+2448, the CO position-velocity diagrams provide good evidence for rotating molecular rings with a central gap. In addition to the rotating central rings or disks, a new class of star formation region is identified, which we call an extreme starburst. These have a characteristic sizes of only 100 pc, with about 109 M☉ of gas and an IR luminosity of ≈ 3 × 1011 L☉ from recently formed OB stars. Four extreme starbursts are identified in the 3 closest galaxies in the sample, including Arp 220, Arp 193, and Mrk 273. These are the most prodigious star formation events in the local universe, each representing about 1000 times as many OB stars as 30 Doradus. In Mrk 231, the CO (2-1) velocity diagram along the line of nodes shows a 12 diameter inner disk and a 3'' diameter outer disk. The narrow CO line width, the single-peak line profile, the equality of the major and minor axes, and the observed velocity gradients all imply that the molecular disk is nearly face-on, yielding low optical and UV extinction to the active galactic nucleus (AGN). Such a geometry means that the molecular disk cannot be heated by the AGN; the far-infrared (FIR) luminosity of Mrk 231 is powered by a starburst, not the AGN. In Mrk 273, the CO (1-0) maps show long streamers of radius 5 kpc (7'') with velocity gradients north-south, and a nuclear disk of radius 400 pc (06) with velocity gradients east-west. The nuclear disk contains a bright CO core of radius 120 pc (02). In Arp 220, the CO and 1.3 mm continuum maps show the two "nuclei" embedded in a central ring or disk at P.A. 50° and a fainter structure extending 7'' (3 kpc) to the east, normal to the nuclear disk. Models of the CO and dust flux indicate that the two K-band sources contain high-density gas, with n(H2) = 2 × 104 cm-3. There is no evidence that these sources really are the premerger nuclei. They are more likely to be compact extreme starburst regions, containing 109 M☉ of dense molecular gas and new stars, but no old stars. Most of the HCN emission arises in the two nuclei. The luminosity-to-mass ratios for the CO sources in Arp 220 are compatible with the early phases of compact starbursts. There is a large mass of molecular gas currently forming stars with plenty of ionizing photons, and no obvious AGN. The entire bolometric luminosity of Arp 220 comes from starbursts, not an AGN. The CO maps show that the gas in ultraluminous IR galaxies is in extended disks that cannot intercept all the power of central AGNs, even if they exist. We conclude that in ultraluminous IR galaxies—even in Mrk 231, which hosts a quasar—the FIR luminosity is powered by extreme starbursts in the molecular rings or disks, not by dust-enshrouded quasars.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
ALMA observations of AGN fuelling: The case of PKS B1718-649
F. M. Maccagni,F. M. Maccagni,R. Morganti,R. Morganti,Tom Oosterloo,Tom Oosterloo,J. B. R. Oonk,J. B. R. Oonk,B. H. C. Emonts +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present ALMA observations of the (CO)-C-12 (2-1) line of the newly born (t(radio) similar to 10(2) years) active galactic nucleus (AGN), PKS B1718-649, revealing that carbon monoxide in the innermost 15 kpc of the galaxy is distributed in a complex warped disk.
Journal ArticleDOI
ALMA unveils a triple merger and gas exchange in a hyper-luminous radio galaxy at z=2: the Dragonfly Galaxy (II)
Bjorn Emonts,C. De Breuck,M. D. Lehnert,Joel Vernet,Bitten Gullberg,M. Villar-Martín,Nicole P. H. Nesvadba,Guillaume Drouart,Rob Ivison,Nick Seymour,Dominika Wylezalek,Peter Barthel +11 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present ALMA Cycle 2 observations of cold molecular CO(6-5) gas and dust, which reveal that this is likely a gas-rich triple merger.
Journal ArticleDOI
Physical Characterization of an Unlensed, Dusty Star-forming Galaxy at z = 5.85
Caitlin M. Casey,Jorge A. Zavala,Manuel Aravena,Matthieu Béthermin,Karina Caputi,Jaclyn B. Champagne,David L. Clements,Elisabete da Cunha,Elisabete da Cunha,Patrick Drew,Steven L. Finkelstein,Christopher C. Hayward,Jeyhan S. Kartaltepe,Kirsten Kraiberg Knudsen,Anton M. Koekemoer,Georgios E. Magdis,Allison W. S. Man,Sinclaire M. Manning,Nick Scoville,Kartik Sheth,Justin Spilker,Johannes Staguhn,Johannes Staguhn,Margherita Talia,Yoshiaki Taniguchi,Sune Toft,Ezequiel Treister,Min Yun +27 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a physical characterization of MMJ100026.9 (a.k.a. "MAMBO-9"), a dusty star-forming galaxy (DSFG) at z = 5.36+021527.
Journal ArticleDOI
The central energy source of 70 μm-selected galaxies: starburst or AGN?
M. Symeonidis,David J. Rosario,A. Georgakakis,J. Harker,Elise S. Laird,M. J. Page,Christopher N. A. Willmer +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the first active galactic nuclei (AGN) census in a sample of 61 galaxies selected at 70 mu m, a wavelength which should strongly favor the detection of star-forming systems, is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
The ALMaQUEST Survey - V. The non-universality of kpc-scale star formation relations and the factors that drive them
Sara L. Ellison,Lihwai Lin,Mallory D. Thorp,Hsi-An Pan,Jillian M. Scudder,Sebastián F. Sánchez,Asa F. L. Bluck,Roberto Maiolino +7 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the Schmidt-Kennicutt relation was investigated in the ALMA-MaNGA QUEnching and STar formation (ALMaQUEST) survey using a sample of 15,000 kpc-scale star-forming spaxels in 28 galaxies drawn from the ALMaQUEST survey.
References
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What Powers Ultraluminous IRAS Galaxies
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