Sex in the brain: hormones and sex differences.
Jordan Marrocco,Bruce S. McEwen +1 more
TLDR
Sex differences, and responses to sex hormones in brain regions and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that the authors are entering a new era in their ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.Abstract:
Contrary to popular belief, sex hormones act throughout the entire brain of both males and females via both genomic and nongenomic receptors. Many neural and behavioral functions are affected by estrogens, including mood, cognitive function, blood pressure regulation, motor coordination, pain, and opioid sensitivity. Subtle sex differences exist for many of these functions that are developmentally programmed by hormones and by not yet precisely defined genetic factors, including the mitochondrial genome. These sex differences, and responses to sex hormones in brain regions and upon functions not previously regarded as subject to such differences, indicate that we are entering a new era in our ability to understand and appreciate the diversity of gender-related behaviors and brain functions.read more
Citations
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Altered connectivity in depression: GABA and glutamate neurotransmitter deficits and reversal by novel treatments
TL;DR: These studies demonstrate that depression and chronic stress exposure cause atrophy of neurons in cortical and limbic brain regions implicated in depression, and brain imaging studies demonstrate altered connectivity and network function in the brains of depressed patients.
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Chronic unpredictable mild stress for modeling depression in rodents: Meta-analysis of model reliability
TL;DR: The meta‐analysis indicated that theCUMS protocol is a robust animal model of depression and is strongly associated with anhedonic behavior in rodents, however, high heterogeneity was found in the single subgroup analysis, which was attributable to modification of the CUMS and sucrose preference protocols.
Journal ArticleDOI
The effects of chronic stress on the human brain: From neurotoxicity, to vulnerability, to opportunity.
TL;DR: Modelling the roles that neurotoxic and vulnerability effects can have on the developing brain suggest that developing early stress interventions could potentially counteract the effects of chronic stress on the brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genomic and epigenomic mechanisms of glucocorticoids in the brain.
TL;DR: The mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in the brain are discussed and how glucOCorticoids interact with stress mediators in the context of allostasis, allostatic load and stress-induced neuroplasticity are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex differences and the neurobiology of affective disorders.
David R. Rubinow,Peter Schmidt +1 more
TL;DR: This article attempts to provide a framework for thinking about how sex and reproductive hormones (particularly estradiol as an example) might contribute to affective illness, and suggests several models that might explain a sex-dependent differential regulation of affect and susceptibility to Affective illness.
References
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Estrogen actions in the central nervous system.
Bruce S. McEwen,Stephen E. Alves +1 more
TL;DR: This work has shown that estrogens, Neuroprotection, and Alzheimer’s Disease are intertwined and that the effects of estrogens on learning and memory are determined by the mechanism of action of the hormone.