Journal ArticleDOI
Statistics of atomic frequency standards
David W. Allan
- Vol. 54, Iss: 2, pp 221-230
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the relationship between the expectation value of the standard deviation of the frequency fluctuations for any finite number of data samples and the infinite time average value of a standard deviation is presented.Abstract:
A theoretical development is presented which results in a relationship between the expectation value of the standard deviation of the frequency fluctuations for any finite number of data samples and the infinite time average value of the standard deviation, which provides an invariant measure of an important quality factor of a frequency standard. A practical and straightforward method of determining the power spectral density of the frequency fluctuations from the variance of the frequency fluctuations, the sampling time, the number of samples taken, and the dependence on system bandwidth is also developed. Additional insight is also given into some of the problems that arise from the presence of "flicker noise" (spectrum proportional to |ω|-1) modulation of the frequency of an oscillator. The theory is applied in classifying the types of noise on the signals of frequency standards made available at NBS, Boulder Laboratories, such as: masers (both H and N15H 3 ), the cesium beam frequency standard employed as the U. S. Frequency Standard, and rubidium gas cells. "Flicker noise" frequency modulation was not observed on the signals of masers for sampling times ranging from 0.1 second to 4 hours. In a comparison between the NBS hydrogen maser and the NBS III cesium beam, uncorrelated random noise was observed on the frequency fluctuations for sampling times extending to 4 hours; the fractional standard deviations of the frequency fluctuations were as low as 5 parts in 1014.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Clock stability characterization and measurement in telecommunications
TL;DR: The results shown have been chosen among those obtained throughout the last three years by testing clerks of digital switching exchanges, clocks for synchronous digital hierarchy equipment, and state-of-the-art stand-alone slave clocks for synchronization networks and represent a survey of the actual performance of clocks currently deployed in telecommunications networks.
Journal ArticleDOI
Point process model of 1/f noise vs a sum of Lorentzians.
TL;DR: The developed multiplicative point process model of 1/f(beta)noise may be used for modeling and analysis of stochastic processes in different systems with the power-law distribution of the intensity of pulsing signals.
Patent
Integrated frequency translation and selectivity
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a method for frequency selectivity and frequency translation in an integrated, unified manner, which can be implemented as an integrated circuit (IC) and can be used to perform both the filtering and the down-conversion operations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Suitability of quantum cascade laser spectroscopy for CH4 and N2O eddy covariance flux measurements
Petra S. Kroon,Arjan Hensen,Harm J. J. Jonker,M. S. Zahniser,W.H. van `t Veen,Alex Vermeulen +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, a quantum cascade laser spectrometer was evaluated for eddy covariance flux measurements of CH4 and N2O using three months of continuous measurements at a field site.
Journal ArticleDOI
A broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer for aircraft measurements of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, nitrous acid, nitrogen dioxide, and water vapor
Kyung-Eun Min,Kyung-Eun Min,Kyung-Eun Min,Rebecca A. Washenfelder,Rebecca A. Washenfelder,William P. Dubé,William P. Dubé,Andrew O. Langford,Peter Edwards,Peter Edwards,Peter Edwards,Kyle J. Zarzana,Kyle J. Zarzana,Jochen Stutz,Keding Lu,Franz Rohrer,Y. Zhang,Steven S. Brown +17 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-channel broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer (BBCEAS) was proposed for aircraft measurements of glyoxal (CHOCHO), methylglyoxal(CH3COCHO), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and water (H2O).
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
An Introduction to Fourier Analysis and Generalized Functions.
R. A. Kunze,M. J. Lighthill +1 more
TL;DR: The theory of generalised functions and their Fourier transforms is discussed in this paper. But the analysis of Fourier transform is limited to the case of generalized functions, and it is not suitable for generalised function analysis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Some aspects of the theory and measurement of frequency fluctuations in frequency standards
Leonard S. Cutler,C. L. Searle +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of finite observation time on the frequency and phase stability of a servo-controlled oscillator with respect to a given quartz oscillator and an atomic reference are analyzed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Atomic timekeeping and the statistics of precision signal generators
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the calibration procedure showed that the third finite difference of the phase is closely related to the clock errors and that quartz crystal oscillators exhibit a "flicker" or |ω|-1type of noise modulating the frequency of the oscillator.
Atomic timekeeping and the statistics of precision signal generators
TL;DR: The method of finite differences of the phase is shown to be a powerful means of classifying the statistical fluctuations of thephase and frequency for signal generators in general and by employing finite differences it is possible to avoid divergences normally associated with flicker noise spectra.
Related Papers (5)
The limits of signal averaging in atmospheric trace-gas monitoring by tunable diode-laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)
Peter Werle,R. Mücke,F. Slemr +2 more