Journal ArticleDOI
Statistics of atomic frequency standards
David W. Allan
- Vol. 54, Iss: 2, pp 221-230
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TLDR
In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the relationship between the expectation value of the standard deviation of the frequency fluctuations for any finite number of data samples and the infinite time average value of a standard deviation is presented.Abstract:
A theoretical development is presented which results in a relationship between the expectation value of the standard deviation of the frequency fluctuations for any finite number of data samples and the infinite time average value of the standard deviation, which provides an invariant measure of an important quality factor of a frequency standard. A practical and straightforward method of determining the power spectral density of the frequency fluctuations from the variance of the frequency fluctuations, the sampling time, the number of samples taken, and the dependence on system bandwidth is also developed. Additional insight is also given into some of the problems that arise from the presence of "flicker noise" (spectrum proportional to |ω|-1) modulation of the frequency of an oscillator. The theory is applied in classifying the types of noise on the signals of frequency standards made available at NBS, Boulder Laboratories, such as: masers (both H and N15H 3 ), the cesium beam frequency standard employed as the U. S. Frequency Standard, and rubidium gas cells. "Flicker noise" frequency modulation was not observed on the signals of masers for sampling times ranging from 0.1 second to 4 hours. In a comparison between the NBS hydrogen maser and the NBS III cesium beam, uncorrelated random noise was observed on the frequency fluctuations for sampling times extending to 4 hours; the fractional standard deviations of the frequency fluctuations were as low as 5 parts in 1014.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Results from international comparisons at the BIPM providing a world-wide reference network of /sup 127/I/sub 2/ stabilized frequency-doubled Nd:YAG lasers
S. Picard,Lennart Robertsson,Long-Sheng Ma,Y. Millerioux,Patrick Juncar,J.-P. Wallerand,P. Balling,Petr Kren,K. Nyholm,Mikko Merimaa,Tom Ahola,Feng-Lei Hong +11 more
TL;DR: Frequency comparisons have been carried out between iodine-stabilized Nd:YAG lasers from the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, the Bureau National de metrologie-Institut National de Metrologie, and the Czech Metrology Institute.
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The dynamic Allan Variance IV: characterization of atomic clock anomalies
TL;DR: This work obtains the dynamic Allan variance (DAVAR) for a series of common clock anomalies, namely, a sinusoidal term, a phase jump, a frequency jump, and a sudden change in the clock noise variance.
Book ChapterDOI
Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers
TL;DR: In the summer of 1960 T Maiman1 reported in Nature the first operation of an optical maser, later to be called a laser as discussed by the authors, and one year later this solid state laser was frequency doubled into the ultraviolet in the first nonlinear optical experiment by P Franken and his group at the University of Michigan.
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Stabilization Scheme for Hot-Electron Bolometer Receivers Using Microwave Radiation
TL;DR: In this article, a feedback control loop, which actively controls the power level of the injected microwave radiation, has been implemented to stabilize the operating point of the hot-electron bolometer (HEB) mixer.
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
An Introduction to Fourier Analysis and Generalized Functions.
R. A. Kunze,M. J. Lighthill +1 more
TL;DR: The theory of generalised functions and their Fourier transforms is discussed in this paper. But the analysis of Fourier transform is limited to the case of generalized functions, and it is not suitable for generalised function analysis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Some aspects of the theory and measurement of frequency fluctuations in frequency standards
Leonard S. Cutler,C. L. Searle +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of finite observation time on the frequency and phase stability of a servo-controlled oscillator with respect to a given quartz oscillator and an atomic reference are analyzed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Atomic timekeeping and the statistics of precision signal generators
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the calibration procedure showed that the third finite difference of the phase is closely related to the clock errors and that quartz crystal oscillators exhibit a "flicker" or |ω|-1type of noise modulating the frequency of the oscillator.
Atomic timekeeping and the statistics of precision signal generators
TL;DR: The method of finite differences of the phase is shown to be a powerful means of classifying the statistical fluctuations of thephase and frequency for signal generators in general and by employing finite differences it is possible to avoid divergences normally associated with flicker noise spectra.
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