Journal ArticleDOI
Statistics of atomic frequency standards
David W. Allan
- Vol. 54, Iss: 2, pp 221-230
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TLDR
In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the relationship between the expectation value of the standard deviation of the frequency fluctuations for any finite number of data samples and the infinite time average value of a standard deviation is presented.Abstract:
A theoretical development is presented which results in a relationship between the expectation value of the standard deviation of the frequency fluctuations for any finite number of data samples and the infinite time average value of the standard deviation, which provides an invariant measure of an important quality factor of a frequency standard. A practical and straightforward method of determining the power spectral density of the frequency fluctuations from the variance of the frequency fluctuations, the sampling time, the number of samples taken, and the dependence on system bandwidth is also developed. Additional insight is also given into some of the problems that arise from the presence of "flicker noise" (spectrum proportional to |ω|-1) modulation of the frequency of an oscillator. The theory is applied in classifying the types of noise on the signals of frequency standards made available at NBS, Boulder Laboratories, such as: masers (both H and N15H 3 ), the cesium beam frequency standard employed as the U. S. Frequency Standard, and rubidium gas cells. "Flicker noise" frequency modulation was not observed on the signals of masers for sampling times ranging from 0.1 second to 4 hours. In a comparison between the NBS hydrogen maser and the NBS III cesium beam, uncorrelated random noise was observed on the frequency fluctuations for sampling times extending to 4 hours; the fractional standard deviations of the frequency fluctuations were as low as 5 parts in 1014.read more
Citations
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Linewidth Narrowing and Power Scaling of Single-Frequency 2.X $\mu{\rm m}$ GaSb-Based Semiconductor Disk Lasers
Sebastian Kaspar,Marcel Rattunde,Tino Töpper,B. Rosener,Christian Manz,Klaus Köhler,Joachim Wagner +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of frequency stability and power scaling of single-mode GaSb-based 2.05-μm semiconductor disk laser (SDL) modules is presented.
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Frequency measurements and hyperfine structure of the R(85)33–0 transition of molecular iodine with a femtosecond optical comb
Feng-Lei Hong,Scott A. Diddams,Ruixiang Guo,Zhiyi Bi,Atsushi Onae,Hajime Inaba,Jun Ishikawa,K. Okumura,Daigo Katsuragi,Junji Hirata,T. Shimizu,Takayuki Kurosu,Y. Koga,Hirokazu Matsumoto +13 more
TL;DR: In this article, a femtosecond optical comb based on a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser is used to measure the R(85)33 −0 transition of molecular iodine at the blue end of the tuning range of a frequency-dubled Nd:YAG laser.
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The quantum Allan variance
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Gravitational redshift test with the future ACES mission
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Development of 1.5 THz waveguide NbTiN superconducting hot electron bolometer mixers
Ling Jiang,Ling Jiang,S. Shiba,T. Shiino,K. Shimbo,Nami Sakai,T. Yamakura,Yoshihisa Irimajiri,P. G. Ananthasubramanian,Hiroyuki Maezawa,Satoshi Yamamoto +10 more
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
An Introduction to Fourier Analysis and Generalized Functions.
R. A. Kunze,M. J. Lighthill +1 more
TL;DR: The theory of generalised functions and their Fourier transforms is discussed in this paper. But the analysis of Fourier transform is limited to the case of generalized functions, and it is not suitable for generalised function analysis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Some aspects of the theory and measurement of frequency fluctuations in frequency standards
Leonard S. Cutler,C. L. Searle +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of finite observation time on the frequency and phase stability of a servo-controlled oscillator with respect to a given quartz oscillator and an atomic reference are analyzed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Atomic timekeeping and the statistics of precision signal generators
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed analysis of the calibration procedure showed that the third finite difference of the phase is closely related to the clock errors and that quartz crystal oscillators exhibit a "flicker" or |ω|-1type of noise modulating the frequency of the oscillator.
Atomic timekeeping and the statistics of precision signal generators
TL;DR: The method of finite differences of the phase is shown to be a powerful means of classifying the statistical fluctuations of thephase and frequency for signal generators in general and by employing finite differences it is possible to avoid divergences normally associated with flicker noise spectra.
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